The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock by T.S. Eliot

The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock is a poem written by T. S. Eliot, who introduces to the readers an overwhelming question, which pertains to whether the main character, Alfred Prufrock, should castigate his indecisiveness and fear or continue in his comfortable and dull existence. Prufrock is not happy with the decisions he has made in life, and that fact is very clear, as he tortures himself with privileged conflict throughout the poem. In the beginning lines of the poem, he enthusiastically invites the reader, or possibly his alter ego, on a journey in the night.However, he later describes half deserted streets holding insidious intent this hardly paints a pleasant picture (Eliot 4,9). The streets seem to represent Prufrocks internal debate an internal debate that prevents him from taking action in the conflict Eliot uses to portray Prufrocks struggle, opening up to a women. Unfortunately, Prufrocks tendency is to constitute a hundred visions and revisions, and eventually tur n back and descend the stair (Eliot 33,39). This refusal to act is the consequence of his apparent fear of rejection and failure.His fear is simply a intersection of thought as he overly calculates his life, leaving a life unlived. To justify his decision, Prufrock says that he has kn accept them all already, suggesting that all the women are the same, but in making the decision to not act, he delves deeper into a depleting future with no purpose (Eliot 49). Essentially, Prufrock convinces himself that he is satisfied with a secondary role in his own life, based on the fear that he will fail and be rejected. Therefore, Prufrock answers his question in a very unsatisfying way, as he chooses to confront comfortable.

Two truths and a lie

Emma lives in a foster mob base because her mom abandoned her in the hospital, and now lives with a family who has a foster mom who is mean and a foster br different who is always trying o get Emma in trouble or either trying to see her naked. Meanwhile Sutton went to a life-threatening home with a real loving family and she always gets what she essentials and is loved by almost everybody. But one day really surprisingly Sutton disappeared.Lauren who is Cottons sister simply turns out to be a foster sister is really mean and disrespectful to Sutton is always trying to get her in trouble so Lauren goat be the good kid in the family, Lauren always turns things around, if Sutton wants to help her, she twists the situation so Sutton would get blamed for it. She changed into a better errors when she got to know Sutton more than than because she didnt really pay attention to getting to know Sutton more, she Just paid attention to getting Sutton In trouble and not paying attention to Cottons feelings nor emotions.As they became closer hey started to faith each other more and they had an unbreakable bond. This book compares to other books Is that It caught my attention because I read the back of It and got interested in the book and I dont interchangeable too much books because Im a picky reader, it takes me a while to find a book and get Interested In It so I was intelligent I found this book. The kind of reader who would Like this book Is a person who Likes fiction but Im not sure If my book Is a fiction. What I notice about myself as a reader Is that Im a slow reader and I get lazy sometimes and dont read at home but I try to read as much as can.My mall goal this month Is to read more books and try harder and put more effort In reading because Its going to help me In a long run and Ill know more about thing. I really want to read different kinds books. Two truths and a lie By Victoria-Hosanna getting to know Sutton more, she Just paid attention to gettin g Sutton in trouble and amperes to other books is that it caught my attention because I read the back of it reader, it takes me a while to find a book and get interested in it so I was golden I found this book.The kind of reader who would like this book is a person who likes fiction but Im not sure if my book is a fiction. What I notice about myself as a reader is that Im a slow reader and I get lazy sometimes and dont read at home but I try to read as much as can. My main goal this month is to read more books and try harder and put more effort in reading because its going to help me in a long run and Ill

Smu Mb0044 Sem 2 2013 Solved

Q1. State the important considerations for locating an automobile imbed. A1. Automobile plant automated flaw lines, automatedassembly lines, flexible manufacturing systems, global transition rapid prototyping. Building manufacturing tractability things be necessity. Ab bug bulge out the automated take to the woods lines we can say it is a machine which is linked by a transfer system which moves the gos by using handling machines which be also automated, we commence an automated flow line. Human intervention ma is needed to verify that the operations ate taking place according to standards.When these cab be strived with the help of automation and the processes are conducted with self regulation, we will have automated flow lines established. In fixed automation or hard automation, where one component is reachd using function operations and machines it is possible to achieve this condition. We assume that harvest-feast life cycles are sufficiently stable to interest heavily on the automate flow lines to achieve reduces cast per unit. Product layouts ate formulateed so that the assembly tasks are performed in the sequence they are programmeed at each station continuously.The completed item came out at the end of the line. In automated assembly lines the moving pallets move the materials from station to station and moving arms pick up parts, place them at specified place and system them by perusing, riveting, & crewing or even welding. Sensors will keep track of there activities and move the assembles to the next stage. The machines are arranged in a sequence to perform operations according to the technical requirements. The tools are loaded, movements are effected, speeds controlled automatically without the need for workers involvement.The tractableness leads to better utilization of the equipments. It reduces the takingss of systems and rids in reduction of investment as well as a space needed to install them. One of the major cancers of contemp orary manufacturing systems is to be able to respond to market gather ups which have uncertainties. Prototyping is a process by which a new product is developed in small derive so as to determine the suitability of the materials, study the various regularitys of manufactured, type of machinery required and develop techniques to over come problems that my be encountered when full scale manufacture is undertaken.Prototypes do meet the specification of the component that enters a product and performance can be measured on these. It helps in con be reforming the soma and whatsoever shortcomings can be rectified at low cost. Flexibility has three dimensions in the manufacturing field. They are variety, volume and date. There exacts will have to be satisfied. In that sense they become constraints which restrict the maximization of productivity. Every business will have to meet the market necessitates of its various products in variety volumes of several(predicate) sequence.Flexi bility is also needed to be able to develop new products or make improvements in the products fast enough to cater to shifting marker needs. Manufacturing systems have flexibility built into them to enable organization meet global petition. You have understood how the latest trends in manufacturing when implemented help firms to stay a notch in business Q2. Explain essentials of Project Management Philosophy A1. Project Management Philosophy A project never goes smooth. It brings unexpected problems during the execution of any phase that marks a difference between the planned activities and actual executions.The deviations enforce re-planning of further activities so that the extra budget and time spent on previous activities can be compensated by revised project plan. A loser is a loser only when he realizes it and gives up. As grand as one thinks he has the capability of changing lose situation to a winning situation, he is never a loser. Project management philosophy emphasiz es on sharing the problems with all stakeholders and team members so that different brains come out with different responses and any of the response(s) can become the best solution(s).Challenge sharing in spades brings out a solution from somebody else having a different set of experience and exposure who has already been into such a situation and has come out of it already. Sharing problems and challenges saves one from re-inventing the wheel. Documentation sharing and a knowledge sharing platform make a strong basis for keeping all on the same wheel. Managers mostly focus on driving out results from the teams rather than enabling and empowering them to become self driven. Energy flows automatically and uncontrolled. Results start coming out without reaching the deadlines and prior to demand.It depends on managers that by empowerment they start preparing or building leaders within the teams. A combination of leaders, if synergized properly, propels a resultant throw out of the pro ject. Managers become critical key in engaging people in the project. A high level of engagement is lodged in the team members via project manager. As long as the project manager is able to drive teams, it makes them engaged to the project. On the other hand if project manager inculcates and inspires team members to self-engage themselves, the team members do not depend to be driven by project manager.Q3. Several different strategies have been employed to assist in meld planning. Explain these in brief A3. Planning is a primary management responsibility. Aggregate planning is concerned with organizing the quantity and timing of production over a medium plosive speech sound of time up to eight to ten months with undetermined demand. Specifically sum of money planning means combining all of an organizations resources into one aggregate production schedule for a predetermined intermediate time period. The objective of aggregate planning is to maximize esources while minimizing cost over the planning period. The aggregate production plan is midway between short-range planning and long-range planning. Aggregate planning includes the following factors 1. Work force size and composition 2. Demand forecasts and orders 3. Raw material planning 4. Plant capacity management 5. Utilizing outside subcontractors 6. Inventory management Aggregate planning is the link between short-term computer programing and long-term capacity planning. What are aggregate planning strategies? There are three types of aggregate planning strategies Pure Strategy.In this dodging, only one production or supply factor is changed. Mixed Strategy. This outline simultaneously alters two or more production or supply factors or some combination. Level Scheduling. This outline has been adopted by the Japanese and it embodies maintaining constant monthly production schedules. What aggregate planning strategies bring demand? Aggregate planning can influence demand in the following ways 1. Pricin g strategies. Pricing can be utilize to outgrowth or reduce demand. All things being equal, increasing prices reduces demand while lowering prices will increase demand. . Advertising and promotion strategies. Advertising and promotion are pure demand management strategies in that they can increase demand by making a product or service better known as well as positioning it for a finicky market segment. 3. Delayed deliveries or reserving orders. Managing future delivery schedules is a strategy for managing orders when demand exceeds capacity. The net effect of delayed deliveries, or back ordering, and reservations is to shift demand to a later period of time, often to a more slack period, which provides a smoothing effect for overall demand.However, the negative is that a percentage of orders will be lost as consumers are unwilling or unable to wait the additional amount of time. 4. Diversifying the product mix. Product mix diversification is a method used to gloweringset demand seasonality. For example, a lawn mower manufacturing company may diversify into snow removal equipment to offset the seasonality of the lawn mower industry. What aggregate planning strategies influence supply? Aggregate planning is also used to manage supply considerations by using the following strategies 1.Subcontracting (outsourcing). Subcontracting is a method of increasing capacity without subject large capital investment charges. It can turn the competitive advantage of other corporations to the contracting organizations advantage. However, subcontracting can be costly, and also reveals part of the business to say-so competitors. 2. Overtime and lazy time. A direct short-term strategy for managing production capacity is to either increase or decrease the numeral of the work force. This strategy has the advantage of utilizing the currently existing work force.However, overtime is expensive and can produce job burnout if relied upon too extensively. On the other hand, enforc ing idle time on the work force can result in resistance as well as a drop in morale. 3. Hiring and lay off employees. Hiring and laying off employees is a medium- to long-term strategy for increasing or decreasing capacity. Hiring employees usually involves the cost of training while laying off employees can incur severance charges. Laying off employees can also cause labor difficulties with unions and reduce morale 4. Stockpiling inventory.Accumulating inventory is a strategy for smoothing variances which may occur between demand and supply. 5. Part-time employees. Certain industries have seasonal requirements for lower skilled employees. Aggregate planning can be used to manage these seasonal requirements. What is the charting method of aggregate planning? Charting is a highly utilized trial-and-error aggregate planning method. It is relatively simple to use and is good understood. Essentially, the charting approach uses a few variables in forecasting demand, applying current p roduction capacity.While the charting method does not assure an accurate prediction, it is simple to implement requiring only negligible calculations. But trial and error method does not provide an optimal solution. The charting method requires five steps to implement 1. Calculate each periods demand. 2. Calculate each periods production capacity for regular time, overtime, and subcontracting. 3. Determine all labor costs including costs for hiring and layoffs as well as the cost of holding inventory. 4. Evaluate organizational employee and stock policies. . Create optional policies and evaluate their costs. EXAMPLE 1. 30 A Florida mens suit shaper has created expected demand forecasts for the period June-January, as shown in Table 1. 2. The daily demand is calculated by dividing the total expected demand by the number of monthly working days reasonable DEMAND = TOTAL EXPECTED DEMAND / NUMBER OF PRODUCTION DAYS FIGURE 1. 6 MONTHLY AND AVERAGE MENS SUIT DEMAND The graph in Figure 1. 6 illustrates that there is a substantial variance between the monthly and clean mens suit demand.What are the costs of aggregate planning? Aggregate planning is a systems methodology having major organizational impacts. Every strategy has associated costs and benefits. Increasing hiring means increasing training costs and incurring associated employment benefit costs. Increasing inventory increases carrying costs consisting of capital and storage costs, deterioration, and obsolescence. exploitation part-time employees involves the costs and risks of using improperly trained and inexperienced personnel as well as creating possible union conflicts.Using subcontractors has the cost of exposing an organization to potential competitors. EXAMPLE 1. 31 Using the data in example 1. 30, it is possible to develop cost estimates for the mens suit producer. Basically, the manufacturer has three choices 1. The manufacturer can meet expected monthly production fluctuations by varying the w ork force size, hiring and laying off employees as needed. In this scenario, an assumption is do that the mens suit manufacturer has a constant staff of 55 employees. 2.Another alternative is to maintain a constant work force of 51 employees and subcontract for additional expected demand. 3. A third alternative is to maintain a work force of 69 employees and store suits during the slack demand months. organizational Costs THREE PLAN SUMMARY COSTS In this example, the best production plan is plan 3 which maintains a work force of 69 employees and stores mens suit inventory during low demand months. Q 5 Explain the basic competitive priorities considered while formulating operationsstrategy by a firm? consequenceOperations strategy reflects the long-term goals of an organisation in its corporate strategy,a clear understanding of the operating advantages and a good cross functional coordinationbetween functional areas of marketing, production, finance, and compassionate resources d epartments arerequired. Operating advantages depend on its processes and competitive priorities considered whileestablishing the capabilities. The basic competitive priorities are Cost, Quality, Time, Flexibility Cost Cost is one of the primary considerations while marketing a product or a service.Being a lowcost producer, the product accepted by the customer offers sustainability and can outperformcompetitors. Lower price and better quality of a product will ensure higher demand and higherprofitability. To estimate the actual cost of production, the operations manager must addresslabour, materials, scrap generations, overhead and other initial costof design and development, etc. Quality Quality is defined by the customer. The operations manager looks into two importantaspects namely high performance design and consistent quality.High performance design includessuperior features, greater durability, convenience to services, etc where as consistent designmeasures the frequency with w hich the product meets its design specifications and performs best. Time Faster delivery time, on-time delivery, and speedy development cycle are the time factors thatoperations strategy looks into. Faster delivery time is the time lapsed between the customer orderand the delivery. On-time delivery is the frequency with which the product is delivered on time.Thedevelopment speed is the elapsed time from the idea generation up to the final design andproduction of products. Flexibility Flexibility is the ability to provide a wide variety of products, and it measures how fast themanufacturer can win over its process line used for one product to produce another product afterWhile customisation is the ability of the firm to satisfy the specific needs of each its customer, thevolume flexibility is the ability to accelerate or decelerate the rate of production to handle thefluctuations in demand. For example, the production of fertilisers of different specifications andapplications.

Pancit ng taga Malabon Online Ordering, Sales and Inventory Management System Essay

I. Company BackgroundPancit ng Taga Malabon is a family-owned fast viands chain managed by the nine grandchildren of Emilia Buntan. Presently, it operates 34 stolones nationwide. . The company duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 30, 1988 with registration number 151743. The main branch of Pancit ng taga Malabon is located in Shopwise Araneta Center Cubao, Quezon City.It was conceptualized seeing that people have grown to love the so-called pancit bame now comm nevertheless known as pancit malabon. The NG TAGA at the middle of its name signifies that we offer fresh, clean, safe and affordable nutriment. Filipinos macrocosm influenced by Chinese custom have made it a part of their tradition to eat long noodles during celebration symbolizing long life and good fortune. Nowadays, pancit malabon is not only a food during gathering but part of merienda choices.Filipinos being close knit, loved to eat with families and most of them love to take home differ ent food for the family to sh are with. With the changing lifestyle of the new era, where people are so busy and wanted to eat fast yet convenient, we have reinvented ourselves and came up with a new concept. Thus, we opened kiosks and stalls where we offer not only our pancit malabon but also other products fast, easy yet affordable.It was established since 1965 as a renowned Filipino fast food chain serving food with their unique and exceptional taste of their delicious pancit and other related products.Their pride lies predominantly on the most celebrated and lavish Pancit Malabon in Bilao.Today, the company is not only selling pancit but they also offer an array of sumptuous food packages like the Fiesta Meals and Binalot Festival. They also expand their branches in order to fully systematize and established a stronger footing.II. Problem DefinitionNow a days, computerized system is most commonly economic consumptiond in business and apparently it has a big contribution in our society. In order to know theproblems encountered by the staff, we conducted an interview and the following problems they present are lack of technology in process their usual transactions, no back-up of records, manual recordings of their inventory, tracking of records is time consuming in addition to, slow processing of transaction due to manual processing that affects the client service they are offering and errors in making an inventory report. .III. Solution to the ProblemUpon analyzing the problem weve been gathered, the proponents came up with a solution to the problem of the company which is thru the use of computerized system that will help the company to eliminate slow processing of orders and automatically generate receipts and reports needed by the management. It will also maximise their time and avoid loss of data. The system will also promote backup and recovery of files for business information security purposes. The system will serve as the permanent storage of da ta of the supplies in the inventory for it will monitor the critical level of each supply and also the quantity of supplies utilize in each product that have been produced.

Safe Dance Practice – Year 11 Dance

Safe move practice is the guide arguments and principles put in stern to stamp down danger of injury and help prolong a trip the light fantasticrs career. We need an understanding of em frame position, kinaesthetic awareness and coordination to perform to our full potential drop if wanting it to be successful. Dance as an art form is trying to communicate an idea or excogitation intent to an audience. The travail forget partially communicate that, but it is how you express the sweat that will tell a story. Our midpoint performance choreographed by Miss McKellar to A Womans acetify expresses movements that consult to the lyrics of the song.These movements theatrical role various saltation techniques and body acquisitions to portray the concept intent. These trip the light fantastic toe techniques include body awareness, technique, body articulation, axial movement, locomotor movement, turns, falls, sense of equilibrium and kinaesthetic awareness. All these dance techniques enhance my performance of the dance by range out to the viewer so they understand the meaning of the dance. In our means performance, body awareness is the need to develop a full connectivity between the different parts of the body to be able to move with the utmost efficiency firearm taking risks and maximizing every moment.In the dance, we use body awareness all throughout the dance. An example of this technique is shown when on the adorn, while my left genu is bent in a flexion movement our right nog is extending away from our body in a turned out manner. My proboscis is contracting all over my extended leg while our munition are scooping the negative space around the shape. While in this shape, we need to be aware that our arm are not behind our body as this may cause us to lose balance and constancy. In this shape, I try to keep a turned out position and weight stead correct.If not on balance I could disrupt the line of placement and fall over, causing th e line of movement to be distorted. consistence awareness refers to safe dance practice by referring to how I am aware of how my body and how it is aligned to perform safe dance movements. Another example of dance technique is body connective. Body alignment is the stacking of bones to create alignment used for safe dance practice. It is the placement of bones in such a way that increases physiological effectiveness and health. An example of body alignment in our core performance is our starting position.Our starting position is where our knees are bent and on the ground, and our torso is hinging back. In this position I try to keep my cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae and lumber vertebrae all in line to keep a flat back. If arched, it could end in possible injury to the lumber vertebrae. Body alignment refers to safe dance practice as it plays a major role in dance technique and enhances our concept intent in our major core performance. A locomotor movement is movement that travels from place to place, usually identified by weight transference on the feet.A turn is a move or a cause to move in a circular direction all or partly around an axis or point. Elevation is the action of fact of elevating or organism elevated. It is the increase in the amount or level of someone or something. An example of a locomotor movement that involves the movement to turn and use elevation is the turning locating leap in the act chorus of our core performance. When preparing for this jump I need to make sure that my knee and foot werent misaligned as that could induce ended in a possible twist of the ankle.Another misalignment that could happen is when preparing, I needed to ensure that my feet were aligned and not in an eversion. Whilst on the way down from the attitude leap, it was subjective that I articulate my foot to land justly and safely. If I hadnt landed safely it could have resulted in a knee or ankle injury. During this jump I could have used to a great er extent elevation to reach my potential in jumping higher and getting my legs into a better attitude leap. When turning in the attitude leap, I need to spot livelyer as I was disorientated when I started to move on to the next movement in the phrase.This shows safe dance practice as I go through the steps that are essential to execute the movement safely and decent. Balance is an scour distribution of weight enabling me to remain upright and steady. Control is the ability to employ dance techniques to oppose the needs of the core performance. An example of balance and control is after getting up off the floor from rolling, I go into an attitude pivot around myself. This movement requires a lot of control and stability as if not on balance I could fall and injure myself by rolling in my knee or existence completely off balance and falling over.During this movement I needed to ensure that I stabilised my supporting leg and used counterbalance of my bent attitude leg and diagona l arms to guarantee the safeness and on balance of the movement. Balance and Control are shown in the core performance and are connected to safe dance practice as they show variation from industrial-strength and rough to soft and controlled. A fall in dance is an action moving downward, typically tardily and controlled, from a higher level to a lower level. It is an act of falling or collapsing, all the while controlled and making it seem and look easy.An example of a fall in our core performance is when we hinge back and gracefully fall onto the ground. This movement occurs multiple times as it symbolises being weighed down. This movement takes place by my legs are in a flexion position at the knees and hinging my torso back in a straight line with my cervical, thoracic and lumber spine which creates a straight line from my knees to my head. I then bend my right knee even further and roll through my toes and land on my tibialis anterior and peroneus longus. This movement could ca use an injury if I misalign my leg and land on my knee.This movement shows the techniques used to sustain a fall and is applied to safe dance practice by using numerous muscles to control the landing of a fall. Body articulation is the ability of the dancer to assign and combine individual body parts to communicate a desired intent. Body articulation is another(prenominal) body skill. Body articulation refers to safe dance practice as I am playing and executing the movement safely. axial movement is any movement that is anchored to one spot by a body part using only the available space in any direction without losing the initial body contact.Axial movement can similarly be called a non-locomotor sequence or movement as it does not travel from one location to another. In my core performance this body skill can be a movement at the start. Just after I get up off the floor and arrange my legs to an open parallel position on rise with my arms reaching to the diagonals above our head . In this position my arms and legs are reaching to the four corners of my shape. In this shape, if not on balance, I can fall or stumble. In my dance I found that I was a little off balance and I needed to fix it before I fell over.I used my arms and legs as counterbalance and reached up and out of the position so I wasnt sitting in the shape. I found when I thought this that it helped to a greater extent than I original thought. Axial movement relates to safe dance practice by using several muscles to prevent any unclaimed stumbles and misalignments. During the course of the dance there were many other central dance techniques that were used to portray the concept intent. Strength, endurance, coordination and anatomical structure are more techniques used to enhance my core performance.All these dance techniques relate to safe dance practice as they all correct basic technique faults to move more safely and efficiently in my core performance. hOne important dance technique that i s used to ameliorate yourself and your dance includes strength. Strength corrects technique and rehabilitates any injuries that could have happened during the course of a time period. Strength also improves your performance by strengthening your muscles. In order for me to use this strength in my dance I need to work up to it. Various exercises are used to build up strength and over time it will increase your durability and overall strength.Endurance is another technique that is used throughout the dance. Endurance is the capacity of something to last or withstand wear and tear. It is the fact or power of constant a difficult process without giving up or giving away. Developing endurance is important in my core performance for the reason in that it tries to avoid muscle exhaustion and the potential risk of an injury. Muscle exhaustion can be circumvented by performing repeated movements such as rising, bends, and tell sequences for gradual improvement over a period of time.Coordi nation is the process or state of coordinating or being coordinated. It is having a sense of direction and to have control over many movements. In the core performance coordination is needed greatly as there were many different and rapid direction changes and quick steps and movements. Without a sense of coordination I would have been completely disorientated and possibly fallen due to me being confused and mixed-up with the directions. Flexibility refers to the range of motion possible at a given enunciate determined by the lengthening and elongation of muscles and fibres.Flexibility was required to do the core performance properly as there were many moments in the dance that required the flexibility of one self to properly execute the movement. Safe dance practice enhances my core performance dance by adding to the choreography dance techniques in order to personalise the dance. Safe dance practice is the guidelines and principles put in place to reduce risk of injury and help pr olong a dancers career. Dance as an artform is how you try to communicate an idea or concept intent across to an audience.

American International Competitiveness

Since the ascendant of the mid-seventies, the united States has experienced a virtual supersede revolution. Trade has veer magnitude much faster than the sparing as a whole. Both imports and exports expanded during the past 15 years. In the late 1970s, imports started outstripping exports by historic totallyy large margins. A product calling shortfall has been present every year since 1976. Moreover, this deficit has sum upd dramatically in the 1980s. What economical changes underlie the budge in U. S. combativeness inductiond by the new-made get by deficits? duration economists who acquire addressed this question view employed different barbeles, just about have examined changes in macroeconomic variables to see if they maked the economic pressures that lead to the novel take deficits. Economists who have employed this approach have ordinaryly concluded that macroeconomic changes probably ar the cause of the recent deficits. Although macroeconomic possibl e action suggests that trade deficits whitethorn be associated with a wide variety of factors, deuce events in the late 1970s and early on 1980s have original go awayicular attention the advance in U. S. combined take in carnal knowledge to alien aggregate demand and the gain in U. S. stakes rates copulation to impertinent saki rates. Both whitethorn have been spurred by the U. S. governments compute deficit. The excess of spending over income provided a sinewy expansionary fiscal policy while higher(prenominal) recreate rates had to be used to attract external and domestic investors to finance the harvest-feast in debt. A relative increase in aggregate demand, whatsoever its source, is expected to lead to a trade deficit because a countrys demand for imports is positively associated with the level of its aggregate demand.In this instance, the theory predicts that U. S. demand for imports will overturn relative to foreign demand for U. S. exports as U. S. aggreg ate demand grows relative to foreign aggregate demand. A relative increase in U. S. interest rates brook also lead to trade deficits by increasing foreign demand for U. S. financial assets. The concern amid financial flows that respond to interest rate changes and trade deficits is evident in standard end of payments news report alliances.The accounting human relationships used in defining trade deficits require that a nations current account (comprised of the merchandise trade balance, the balance of trade on services, and plunder domesticate unilateral transfers) relates in size, precisely with opposite sign, the metropolis account. In close to early(a) words, if in that location atomic number 18 capital inflows, hence there essential be a trade deficit. attached this accounting relationship, the inflow of foreign capital that is attracted by comparatively high U. S. interest rates must lead to a trade deficit to satisfy the fundamental accounting identities t hat underlie balance of payments accounting (McCulloch, 1978).While explanations of recent trade deficits that be based on fundamental macroeconomic relationships atomic number 18 attractive to economists, m either commentators have advanced transmutenative explanations that atomic number 18 rooted in microeconomic relationships. These commentators accept that the microeconomic characteristics have changed in ways that explain the relatively emergent substantial increases in imports and wage imports. In addition, public opinion, for one background or a nonher, has non fully accepted the power of the macroeconomic explanations for the trade deficits.We shall therefore investigate these explanations that have been offered by various sources. The logical connections between these microeconomic changes and trade deficits have not been clearly drawn. In cross, supporters of these microeconomic-based hypotheses have ignored the fact that (absent macroeconomic adjustments) chan ges in the exchange rate could compensate for shifts in microeconomic relationships, leaving trade flows in balance (Tarr, 1985). While the link between alleged microeconomic changes and trade deficits is unclear, empirical analysis of the microeconomic explanations gutter still be very useful.Specifically, if we find that the alleged microeconomic changes in the structure of trade have not occurred, then(prenominal) we will be in a position to reject the microeconomic explanations directly. For advocates of the microeconomic explanations, this approach may be more than convincing than one that evaluates the microeconomic explanations indirectly through the use of ecumenic equaliser or macroeconomic models. The microeconomic explanations have focused on identifying three types of microeconomic changes. First, there may be technological changes that alter trade flows.For example, changes in an intentnesss technology may alter factor intensities so that particular inputs ar les s important to successful foreign competition. Second, policy changes may alter trade flows through their exertion on the openness of U. S. or other economies or through their effect on the relative exist structure of U. S. manufacturers. Changes in tariff, quotas, or government subsidies clearly stool have this effect, but other government policies may also be important. Third, the availability of needed inputs may change so that the agonistical position of U.S. firms is altered. For example, when abundant mineral resources continue to be get wind for outturn, the U. S. position will change as the United States exhausts its relative supply of these needed resources. According to some commentators, any or all of these types of microeconomic changes might lead to growth in the manufacturing trade deficit. As a result, they have received substantial public attention. If changes in microeconomic factors are the source of recent trade deficits, we should observe a recent and majo r shift in the pattern of U. S.trade, since some industries will be more cutting to changes in particular microeconomic factors than other industries or experience bigger changes in these factors. For instance, if relative U. S. remuneration rates have become more important in international competition, we should observe a in particular large rise in net imports in industries that employ relatively large amounts of high-cost labor or have experienced particularly large increases in labor costs. In contrast, if macroeconomic variables underlie the recent deficits, this type of structural shift in trade flows is less likely to be present (Drucker, 1985).As a result, we can reject many of the microeconomic explanations of recent trade deficits that have been advanced if we observe that economic relationships that traditionally have favourd some industries over others in international trade have been stable and that key industry characteristics, such(prenominal) as labor intensity, have also been stable. In the case of U. S. wage rates, if the relationship between wage rates and imports has not changed over time, and U. S. wage rates relative to those in other countries have not changed significantly, then wage rates are unlikely to have contributed to the increase trade deficit.Of course, if we do find that the alleged microeconomic changes have occurred, the growth in the trade deficit can not be attributed to them unless logical causal relationships can be identified that are consistent with international trade accounting identities. Factors associated with U. S. belligerentness in trade be to have been relatively stable end-to-end the 1970s and early 1980s. Manufacturing operations located in the States retain their traditional competitive advantage in production that requires sophisticated know-how and continue to experience a competitive disfavour in production that uses bungling labour intensively.Moreover, it appears that, to the extent change has occurred, these relationships have strengthened over time (Marston 1986). Yet, as others have pointed out, the competitive performance of many U. S. industries appears to have declined (Landau and Rosenberg, 1986). Can these two observations be consistent? The competitive performance of U. S. industries can decline because of changes that do not affect the relationships between trade flows and the industry characteristics. First, the characteristics of particular industries, such as their factor intensities, may have changed so that net imports change magnitude.The higher compass northization is associated with more imports, thus if unionization increased and this relationship remained stable, then unionization could be one cause of increased imports. Shifts in the relative battle of an individualist industry may reflect adjustments in the characteristics of the industry, within the context of stable relative degree advantage relationships. For example, if surd R&D efforts ar e associated with strong exports, but industries reduce their R&D expenditures, export performance would be expected to decline even though the relationship between exports and R&D was stable.Put slightly differently, when relative factor abundancies are stable, changes in industrial input requirements will be reflected in shifts in the trade balance of particular U. S. industries. The rankings of industries with adore to their trade flows have been quite stable. While there have been some shifts in position during the last tenner, statistical tests indicate that the shifting has not been substantial. The rank ensnare of manufacturing industries by the level of net imports in 1975 is highly correlated with the rank order that existed in 1984.Industry characteristics available in time series have also been quite stable. The values for industry characteristics in 1975 are highly correlated with their values in 1981. Moreover, the changes in mean values for these variables are relat ively small, especially for the variables that are most directly related to the seven proposed explanations of the trade deficits that we analyze. The variables available in time series include the primary variables used in traditional trade models. Simple macroeconomic relationships suggest that the rise in the trade deficit is likely to be associated with changes in macroeconomic variables.If this is true, then one would expect that many industries experienced a rise in their trade deficits (Benvignati, 1985). Consistent with this prediction, tight all U. S. industries experienced declining international competitiveness to some degree between 1981 and 1984. In addition to this general confirmation of the macroeconomic explanations for trade deficits, there is direct support for the view that recent inflows of foreign capital, attracted by relatively high U. S. interest rates, and increases in U. S.aggregate demand relative to foreign aggregate demand are responsible for recent tr ade deficits. Specifically, exchange rates rose during the period studied and this led to an increase in net imports, as the macroeconomic theory of international financial flows predicts. Also there appears to be a positive association between recent increases in relative U. S. aggregate demand and net imports, as the aggregate demand theory suggests. According to the macroeconomic theory of international financial flows, higher U. S. interest rates will attract foreign capital. Since U. S.financial assets are denominated in dollars, this will lead to an increase in the demand for dollars. Because increases in the value of the dollar make U. S. goods more expensive relative to foreign goods, there will be a reduction in the international competitiveness of U. S. manufacturers. This decrease in competitiveness is expected to be reflected in higher net imports, causing the trade deficit to equal the surplus on the capital account. There is empirical support for this argument. U. S. i ndustries appear to have been under ascetical competitive pressure because of the relatively high value of the dollar.For example, in the automobile industry, it has been argued that about $700 of the roughly $2,000 cost disadvantage of U. S. automobile manufacturers in 1983 was due to the unusually high exchange rate (Detroit Battle, 1983). Similarly, in steel, auto tools, textiles, and many other industries, analysts have pointed to exchange rates as an important source of the U. S. competitive disadvantage. As a result, it is not too surprising that the increase in the value of the dollar between 1980 and 1985 was associated with a decline in the U. S. trade balance.While the adverse effect of the increased value of the dollar on the competitive position of U. S. industries seems to have been quite widespread, the effect has been larger in some industries than others. In particular, it appears likely that the effect will be largest for products where the demand for U. S. exports and imports was quite elastic, since these products are most sensitive to changes in relative charges. For example, estimates of price elasticities by Baldwin (1976) indicate that these elasticities are particularly large (between 3. 20 and 4.4) in the case of metal on the job(p) machinery and office/computing machines. According to macroeconomic theory, imports are likely to vary positively with the level of aggregate demand, other things being equal. Specifically, as U. S. incomes rise, the U. S. demand for imports is likely to rise. Moreover, if U. S. incomes rise relative to foreign incomes, the U. S. demand for imports should rise relative to the foreign demand for U. S. exports. As a result, macroeconomic theory predicts that, during these periods, U. S. demand for imports will rise relative to foreign demand for U. S.exports and growing trade deficits are more likely. At the end of 1982, the U. S. balance of payments deficit appears to have been reduced by aggregate demand effects, since the U. S. demand was falling relative to foreign demand. However, in 1983 and 1984 the U. S. economy grew relative to the economies of its trading partners (Economic Report of the chair 1986). The relatively strong U. S. recovery and the general worldwide recession were associated with a sharp rise in the U. S. trade deficit (Economic Report of the President 1985). There is no conflict between the observation that U.S. trade deficits have risen and the finding that U. S. comparative degree advantage relationships have been relatively stable over the last decade. Evidently, there have been shifts in macroeconomic variables that have increased the level of imports in most industries, without shifting trade patterns across industries significantly. While other types of changes, such as shifts in omitted microeconomic variables or changes in the magnitudes of included variables, would also make the two observations consistent, these alternative explanations are not near ly as important.Moreover, dewy-eyed macroeconomic theories and available empirical evidence suggest strongly that macroeconomic forces underlie the growth of recent trade deficits. Changes in most microeconomic variables have either been gradual or narrowly focused. As a result, they are unlikely to generate the large trade deficits that are observed. Only the changes in international capital flows (with associated changes in exchange rates) and, for part of the period, changes in the relative levels of aggregate demand, have been large enough and sharp enough to explain the sudden rise in net imports. The growth of direct foreign investment by U.S. firms during the last decade reflects, in part, the bringation of their advanced technological and organizational know-how. This perceptual constancy in the fundamental comparative advantage relationships is inconsistent with widely held views linking microeconomic changes to the growth in the trade deficit during the 1980s. Macroecon omic models provide explanations that are much more consistent with empirical observations. We conclude, as have macroeconomists, that changes in macroeconomic factors, rather than any of the many microeconomic explanations that have been advanced, underlie recent U.S. trade deficits. The comparative advantage structure that determines a countrys trade patterns changes whole slowly. For the United States, comparative advantage forces have meant, and still mean, that the country is a net importer of commodities that are efficiently produced with relatively large amounts of unskilled labour and a net exporter of commodities that require the relatively intensive use of skilled labour. These basic relationships have not changed significantly during the 1970s or early 1980s.Similarly, the United States continues to be disadvantaged in industries that are animation-intensive, use depleting natural resources, or are to a great extent enroll. Higher minimum efficient scale requirements and higher R&D intensity continue to be associated with both higher imports and higher exports. Only wishy-washy relationships exist between capital intensity or industry concentration and the strength of the U. S. trade position. The relationships between industry characteristics and trade flows are evident disdain the presence of tariff and nontariff barriers and other government trade policies.Moreover, the effects of trade policies appear to be weak relative to the economic forces that result from differences in comparative advantage. Nonetheless, trade policies do have identifiable effects. As one would expect, U. S. tariff and nontariff barriers are associated with lower net import levels. However, the statistical findings for foreign trade barriers are less clear. We attribute this to the fact that U. S. exporters face different trade barriers in different countries. It may be the case that strong U. S.exports continue in many countries although these exports face substanti al barriers in other countries. In addition, foreign trade barriers and industrial targeting efforts may arise as a reaction to U. S. export successes, moreover not be strong enough to make a substantial reduction in U. S. exports in foreign markets generally. Analyses of U. S. imports and exports test the competitiveness of the States as a geographical unit. However, these analyses do not capture fully the competitiveness of U. S. -controlled firms, since many U. S.firms are transnationals. To measure the competitiveness of U. S. -controlled firms, output manufactured afield using U. S. know-how must be considered (Marston, 1986). Similarly, U. S. output must be alter for output produced by foreign-controlled multinationals in the United States. To a large extent, the additional perspective offered by the analysis of the modify trade flow data patently confirms the findings based on the unadjusted data. The United States remains relatively strong in the same industries where i t was strong in the previous decade.However, when the trade flow data are adjusted to reflect the presence of multinational corporations, some structural changes in trade patterns become evident. Basically, these changes evidence a strengthening of the relationships that have traditionally shaped U. S. trade flows. Apparently U. S. firms have increasingly exploited their more mobile competitive strengths by investing abroad. There is some evidence that this effort has been underinterpreted to overcome historical comparative disadvantages associated with producing in the States.Most notably, there is some evidence that this foreign investment is increasingly prominent in industries that are heavily enter. Together, the analyses of adjusted and unadjusted trade flow data indicate that U. S. firms are not losing their relative competitive strengths. The adjusted data suggest that some changes are occurring in international direct investment, but these changes have not been echoed in c hanges in the composition of U. S. net imports. The gradual nature of any changes that are occurring highlights the basic stability of the structure of U. S. trade flows.The structural stability that we observe is consistent with the view that shifts in microeconomic relationships are not an important source of recent trade deficits. Absent evidence of changes, there is no reason to believe that these potential microeconomic issues contend with macroeconomic factors as the real explanations for the large observed increases in the U. S. trade deficit. Turning to the first two microeconomic explanations (high labor cost explanation and union work rule explanation), traditional relationships between labor market variables and trade patterns still hold.The United States continues to be at a comparative disadvantage in labor-intensive industries. To the extent there has been change, it has been gradual and statistically insignificant. Moreover, the United States appears to be doing well, and has slightly improved its performance, in high-wage industries. Evidently, the advantage continues in industries where human capital is important. While union activities have affected the structure of U. S. manufacturing industries, this impact has been different from that suggested in the second explanation.No change in the relationship between unionization and U. S. trade flows has taken place. However, various studies do suggest that multinational corporations in unionized industries have shifted larger and larger shares of their output overseas. Apparently, this direct investment has added to U. S. -controlled output, rather than entirely substituting for exports from unionized industries located in the States. The third and fourth explanations (foreign government trade practices explanation and OPEC cartel explanation) involve actions taken by foreign governments.Foreign governments do not appear to have uniformly targeted U. S. industriesthat is, industries where the Unit ed States has had a competitive advantage. While foreign government interventions are evident, these efforts vary from country to country and do not appear to have a significant effect on overall U. S. trade patterns. This does not mean that particular foreign tariffs, nontariff barriers, or targeting subsidies could not disrupt natural trade flows. However, it does mean that currently these effects are limited among our major trading partners (Maskus 1981).Actions by foreign governments that may have support OPECs efforts to raise pushing prices did not significantly alter the structure of U. S. manufacturing trade, as the fourth proposition contends. The increases in world energy prices during the 1970s were dramatic and clearly had a significant effect on the overall balance of payments. However, only when trade flows are adjusted to recognize the presence of multinationals is there a significant change in the comparative advantage structure across manufacturing industries. Turn ing to the fifth microeconomic explanation (declining R&D explanation), U. S.firms have not lost their comparative advantage in R&D-intensive products. While U. S. imports of high-technology products have increased over time, so have exports. Moreover, the overall structural relationships that determine U. S. comparative advantages with respect to R&D do not appear to have changed significantly. To the extent change is evident it appears that the growth of U. S. multinational firms has allowed them to exploit their comparative advantages in high technology through their foreign affiliates. The remaining explanations (inadequate investment explanation and antimonopoly explanation) involve policies of the U.S. government. According to these two explanations, high taxes on capital formation and overly aggressive antitrust enforcement efforts have undermined the competitiveness of U. S. firms. The notion that relatively high taxes on capital, and resulting lower U. S. investment rates, have led to a growing U. S. disadvantage in capital-intensive industries is not confirmed by the statistical tests. While some earlier studies using 1958 to 1976 data found that the United States had a growing comparative disadvantage in capital-intensive industries, this trend did not continue in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Maskus 1981).The United States was a strong exporter in industries where economies of scale (MES) are important. Moreover, we did not find substantial advantages of concentration beyond the levels associated with these plant- level scale economies. There also was no sign of significant changes in the comparative advantage relationships with respect to scalerelated or concentration-related variables. Conclusion Given the stability of U. S. comparative advantage relationships over time, why has the U. S. trade deficit increased by so much?For some industries, the rise in net imports may precisely reflect the fact that the characteristics of the industry have changed, so U. S. firms no longer have a comparative advantage. In particular, when the know-how needed to produce a commodity becomes standardized and cheap labour becomes a relatively more important input, we should expect that U. S. manufacturers will lose share to foreign manufacturers. As is suggested by simple macroeconomic models, much of the rise in net imports appears to be attributable to macroeconomic forces that have more than offset the advantages that U.S. firms have traditionally had in some industries. In fact, most industries have experienced increased levels of imports, suggesting that economy-wide changes underlie the problem. Examination of macroeconomic variables that could produce this type of shift in trade flows confirms that the rise in interest rates with the associated increase in the value of the dollar and, during some recent periods, the relatively fast growth of U. S. aggregate demand appear to have stimulated net imports generally.Generally, there h as been relatively lilliputian shifting in either comparative advantage relationships or in industry characteristics that affect imports and exports. Indeed, the growth in direct foreign investment, which appears to support the most dramatic changes that have occurred, has been associated with the exploitation of traditional U. S. advantages. Moreover, the shift in the overall position of the United States relative to its trading partners has been fairly general, which is consistent with the argument that individual microeconomic explanations are unlikely to explain much of the recent rise in U.S. trade deficits. Given this finding, it is probable that the U. S. recent loss in competitive position is largely attributable to macroeconomic forces. In particular, it appears likely that changes in relative interest rates and levels of aggregate demand best explain most of the recent increases in the U. S. trade deficit. Both of these may be related to large increases in the governments budget deficit. The rise in trade deficits during the 1970s and 1980s led to substantial concern about the competitiveness of U. S. firms.Many of the microeconomic explanations that have been advanced to explain the recent deficits do not appear to be supported by available empirical evidence. Because these microeconomic explanations do not explain the recent trade deficits, policy prescriptions based on shifting microeconomic variables are a poor bet to change trade flows fundamentally. In particular, wage restrictions, trade restrictions, subsidization programs, and policies that promote market concentration are unlikely to alter the trade deficit substantially. Indeed, efforts to implement these policies are likely to hurt U. S.competitiveness, as interest groups attach riders to legislating that promotes their special interests at the expense of the broader economy. Focusing the public debate on microeconomic factors rather than macroeconomic factors seems to be, at best, ill-a dvised. It tends to distract the public from the real, difficult issues of government deficits, international investment, and economic growth. More likely, it provides a well-off cloak in which to wrap the costly protections so fervently sought by special interest groups that ultimately increase costs, retard productivity growth, and harm consumers.Since the strategic use of trade policies can disadvantage one country at the expense of another, it is better to view findings as indicating that care must be taken in responding to recent trade deficits. Specifically, policy makers must be careful that they are not so caught up in the dramatic deficits that they accede to special interest groups that have inappropriately link their troubles to those of the economy as a whole (Krugman, 1986). History provides very little reason to believe that such objectivity is possible in trade policy. Failure to exercise caution has its risks.Not only can the unseasonable protectionist policies ca use sizeable immediate losses, but they may also lead to longer term losses as well. For example, it may be short-sighted to impose import restraints on products that are key inputs into subsequent production activities, since this can have adverse effects on domestic producers that use these inputs. Indeed, protectionist policies of this type may have long-run adverse effects on the protected industry, since potential customers may choose to locate abroad and, as a result, not be well-positioned to purchase the input from U. S.suppliers even after protection is no longer necessary. In addition, poorly designed protectionist efforts can trigger trade wars, as foreign governments visit to unjustifiable U. S. trade restraints. Indeed, the threat of spiraling beggar-thy-neighbor policies continues to be a key reason for supporting dislodge trade, even in a world that offers strategic opportunities. Reference Detroit Battle The Cost Gap, New York Times, whitethorn 28, 1983, pp. 35, 3 7. Baldwin R. , U. S. Tariff Policy Formation and Effects, study prepared for the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U. S.Department of Labor, June 1976. Benvignati A. , The Commodity musical composition of U. S. Intra-firm Exports, FTC, unpublished, 1985. Drucker P. , Where Union Flexibilitys Now a Must, Wall Street Journal, September 23, 1985, p. 30. Economic Report of the President, U. S. Council of Economic Advisers. Washington, D. C. U. S. disposal Printing Office, annual editions from 1972 to 1987. Landau R. , and N. Rosenberg (eds. ), The Positive Sum Strategy, Washington, D. C. National honorary society Press, 1986. Landau R. , and N. Rosenberg (eds. ), The Positive Sum Strategy, Washington, D.C. National Academy Press, 1986. Marston R. , Assessing Japanese Competitiveness, NBER Reporter, Winter 1986/ 1987, pp. 12-16. Maskus K. , The Changing Structure of Comparative Advantage in American Manufacturing, Ann Arbor, Mich. UMI investigate Press, 1981. McCulloch R. , Research and Development as a Determinant of U. S. International Competitiveness, Harvard Economic Research Discussion Paper 609, present 1978. Tarr D. , Trade Deficits, Trade Policy and the Value of the Dollar, paper for conference, Trade Policy Free or modal(a)? , November 19, 1985.

Aristophanes Account of Love in Plato’s Symposium Essay

Platos Symposium contains several intriguing accounts of the disposition of love. Describe in detail either the account of love offered by Aristophanes or Socrates/Diotima. What arguments could be given for thinking that this is the correct conception of love? DO you find this account compelling? Be current to explain you reasons for taking the position that you do. The Symposium, written by Plato, is an account of the different speeches given during a dinner party. Each speech given is by a different person and severally speech is the utterers own theory on love.An intriguing speech given is the one by Aristophanes, the comedian. In Aristophanes speech he starts out by saying that he has a thought of plan for how public might have come to be the way they are now. His speech is based completely on a madeup fancy that he came up with. He describes the natural general anatomy of humans as dickens technically connected humans that together form a perfect sphere. The humans in this form had three genders. The genders were either made up of male-male, male-female, or female-female.The male-male gender was superior, as coinciding with this time, and was the offspring of the cheerfulnessniness the sun often referred to as a god. The androgynous gender, or male-female, was the offspring of the moon. The moon shares both the sun and the earth. The female-female then were offspring of the earth. The earth was not highly thought of, just being where humans lived and so quite used and abused 190b. These humans all made an attempt to attack the gods which then caused the gods to wee-wee retaliatory action back.The gods decided that the human race could not be wiped out completely because that would make it the worship and sacrifices the gods receive. Zeus, instead, decided to cut the beings in devil 190d. Now, since their natural form had been cut in two each one longed for its own another(prenominal) half 191b. This is where Aristophanes theory on love com es to. He believed each person has another half, or soul mate, they are in search of. Love is born into any human being 191d it calls back the halves of our original nature together. Aristophanes suggests that one is in unceasing search of their other half that bear upones, then once found the appetite they had felt because of having been separated is now healed. The two are struck from their sensesdont want to be separated from one another, not even for a moment 192c. In one way I find Aristophanes argument correct. People do come out to be in constant search for whom they want, or sometimes feel they are meant to be with. It is very interesting, however, that Aristophanes relates ones longing and desire as a form of punishment.In the tory the longing and desire came as a punishment from the gods the only cure for this was when the two halves were reunited. Aristophanes makes it clear two halves are meant to be together but he also contradicts his own statement, whenever one of the halves died and one was left, the one that was left even sought another and wove itself together with that191b-191c. If two halves have a certain match that they are constantly in constant search of, and are meant to be with, wouldnt it only make sense that at that place would then not be another being that one could simply find and then divagate itself with.As I previously stated, I agree with Aristophanes in one way. I think that the idea of two people being meant to be together is plausible. People are always in constant search for a soul mate. Not necessarily the one per say, but a person they behind spend the rest of their life with. There are billions of people in the world are I think it is very possible to have multiple compatible people who can fall in love. Thus, I agree more with Aristophanes own contradiction of himself there are multiple people who match up together and get woven together in the right way.