Consumer Credit Scheme Essay Example for Free

Consumer Credit dodging Essay decision maker SummaryInternship is an essential part of BRAC universities BBA program. As per the extremity of the BRAC University I have to perform 90 years or three months internship which ordain help to prove my potentiality in the practical field. I achieved the chance to prove the potentiality, which has given by the autochthonic confide Ltd. to commence my internship in the motijheel branch from twenty-seventh January to 27th April, 2009. As per the requirement of the internship program I have to prep be a report on the Prime Bank hold with a specific topic. I was assigned in the confidence division (corporate credit and retail credit division) so I have chosen Consumer credit scheme as my hurl topic. Prime Bank Limited started its journey on 171h April 1995 and now at the present time it has created a mile stone in the banking industry.From the first step to the present move the Prime Bank Limited is expanding its business. Expand ing 70 branches in the country was not enough for their glory they expand their fully owned foot soldier in Singapore also. They have different products and function, some of them are unique and others are common simply they always cope up with the changing situation and tough competition. Their authority is not centralizing which has a good effect because every one wants to prove their capacity and for that they have the authority which is very propel for employees. They give prosper that evict be seen from their vision which is to be the high hat Private Commercial Bank in Bangladesh in terms of efficiency, capital adequacy, asset quality, sound man erament, and profitability having strong liquidity.Besides both these positive aspects it has some difficulties in its way of success but it will over set out those within oblivious time because in its 14th year of operation in 2009, Prime Bank has made essential headway in terms of business growth, profitability and establis hing its image as one of the leading esoteric commercial banks. When the organization is like Prime Bank Ltd. then it is a tribute to learn the practical way of last and a great opportunity to prove potentiality. I am glad that I used the opportunity properly. In both of the division I got the chance to do the desk work and client dealings. In corporate credit I got to know the corporate clients and the way they place the proposals for loan and how the proposals operate to get the sanction of loan and in retail credit there was chance to work in more details. In retail credit (CCS) division I got the chance to attach with each work done in that department. On the whole it was a very nice practical experience.In the internship requirement completion of a project is also included and for that I have chosen Consumer Credit Scheme of Prime Bank Ltd. With the passing time, new competitors appear with better ideas products as well as services and creating more competitive situation in the market. Consumer credit scheme is one of the new innovative ideas which allow for to the credit essentials of the low middle income groups. Only Prime Bank limited and other fewer banks operate this scheme in a large volume. Consumer credit scheme of Prime Bank Ltd provides railway car Loan which includes Car, Jeep, Station Jeep, Pick up Van, Cover Van, Bus, Truck, Ambulance and both other vehicle for own use. Doctors Loan, which is for the doctors only. each qualified person can take advance against Salary loan. Education Loan is for Study single-valued function only. For fulfilling the traveling purpose Travel Loan is available. Wedding loan is also available for the purpose of wedding.CNG alteration Loan can be taken to convert into CNG. Any Purpose Loan is available for any emergency need. Hospitalization Loan is also available because this bank realizes the emergency need for hospitalization. These all loans need personal Guarantee. These loans require certain perc ent of equity investment and it has to be repaid by equal periodic installment. This loan has to be repaid within a specific period. Any arouseed person within the age of 25 to 60 and having a permanent job or having a stable business can apply for the CCS loan of Prime Bank Ltd. Under CCS program of Prime Bank Limited a borrower can get maximum of taka 40, 00,000 and minimum taka 10,000. The down payment is 10% of the loan for each product. The interest rate is 16% for the all products and Prime Bank Ltd. charges 1% service charge and 1% risk fund for all products other than for Car loan and Doctors loan.There is system of advance against salary and CNG mutation loan. This was the brief description of present CCS of Prime Bank Ltd. This scheme provides different facilities to the customers and its has popularity among the customers but there are some negative points where management should concentrate to get more response and satisfaction from the customer. These negative point s come from the dissatisfaction of the customers so it can be harmful for their way of achievement so they should give more tenseness to solve those problems. Prime Bank Ltd. should focus on decreasing interest rate which is very postgraduate from the customers point of view, and increase the loan payback period because customer think its short enough to agitate the bank for services. These changes will help to get competitive advantage for sure.Financing Scheme, Personal Loan for Women etc will help them to bring unique position in the market. They can go for the package products also because in this era people love to get various facilities with in one package program. All these will increase the market share of CCS in Prime bank undoubtedly but if they can pitch more active promotional activities with it then its obvious that Prime Bank Ltd. will be the best among the banks in Consumer Credit Scheme.

Software for my customers system Essay Example for Free

Software for my customers system EssayAsynchronous Notification, which speeds up performance and increases the battery life of a CD-Rom. It has Click Connect, which ensures that it does not come loose from the motherboard. Hot Plug, allowing the substance ab drug user to add and remove SATA drives on-the-fly without taking the system down. Link Power Management, which helps to conserve power. Cheaper. However, the cons of choosing it are Arent cap subject of work for long hours. Not in truth reliable. 2. On the other hand, dock could choose a SAS Hard dish Drive. The pros of choosing it are Has high speed data transfer. Cost effective. Reliable.Fast Running Speed. SAS has tagged command queuing. SAS has high signalling voltages. The cons of it though are Noise levels can rise. Small memory. Expensive. I would advise Bob to choose SAS as his telephone circuit is only small, but he does need to have a fast computer, to be able to keep the customers happy. Software Software th at is required As for what system Bob is spill to use, I am going to advise him to use Windows Vista. It is far better than Windows XP SP3. It is much better performance wise, has a passing praised security system and has better enhancements to the user interface.In Vista, the search is much improved and better. Also, the 3D graphics are great and is much faster starting up and shutting down. Therefore, I would advise Bob to choose Windows Vista, as it is better in quality. As for what programme Bob is going to use at that place are two options he can either use Excel or QuattroPro. For real fair reasons I think he should have decided to use Excel. This is because I actually dont have advance to QuattroPro. In addition to this, Excel is compatible with the operating system, as both are made by Microsoft. But, the problem with QuattroPro is that this software is not widely used.In addition to this, I am not experienced with QuattroPro. So, if I would have to use QuattroPro I wo uld need to get training. This can be very succession consuming and costly. SO, in conclusion, I am going to use Windows Excel, as I find it to be easier to use as I have past experience with it. Moreover, Windows Excel has many features that result be beneficial to the business. One feature is the use of formulas. The use of formulas within Excel is very essential. It allows calculations to be through with(p) with apparent ease. In addition to this, the formulas in Excel automatically update results if the values are changed.This entrust highly reduce the chances of mistakes and will make the system more reliable. Windows Excel also has the Mail merge feature. This feature is useful as it allows the user to create reports and hand outs for the company. Also, this feature is quite important as it allows the user to create receipts and invoices from a word template. Conditional formatting is also a very useful feature in Excel. You could programme the system to alert you when c ertain conditions have been met. An example of where this is very useful is when you can set it to alert the user when the budget has been used up or has been exceeded.another(prenominal) feature that is highly incorporated into Excel is the use of Graphs. They give a visual representation of data. This will make it easier to see how the business is performing, which areas need improving, help forecast profits and whether or not the business is financially viable. Another feature that will help the business is Macros. The use of macros will help the user to perform commands very easily and there is no need to input commands manually. Therefore, I am going to advise Bob to choose Windows Excel as not only am I more experienced with it I also find it to be highly useful.

Composition About Film Essay Example for Free

Composition nigh Film EssayThe frivol away that I saw last week is about the dangerous contrivance of extraction valuable secrets from deep within the subconscious during sleep, when the mind is most vulnerable. The main character of the film called Cobb. He is a talented thief, the best of the best in his work. At the beginning of the film we cop Cobbs dream in which he with his wife lived in their town that they create alone in unexpected for me and I was surprising when I saw how in our dream we can see plenty who not existent in the reality. Then the point is that Cobbs command received the proposition to switch some events in the life of one of the richest company in the world. They had to do that this company fell overmatch and other man who managing other company could be the first and control others. If Cobb, and his command do this he promise Cobb to help him with law, because as we know he was a thief and all police hunting him and thats why he cant returned hom e to his children.For this work he must to rise a new architecture, because without him it will be not possible. Architect a specialist defining illusory world for another dream. The purpose of the architect when extracting designed sleep so sleep could not acknowledge it from reality and create a sleeping most complex maze of sleep, from which the victim could not comfortably escape.The complexity of this work was that this dream consisted of three levels, that is to say they must to reach the deepest within of the subconscious to mixture what they want. Now their task not to steal an idea, only to implement it. If they succeed, it will be the perfect crime. I realized they done this work in the best way. To my mind this film is very interesting and exciting, but it is necessary to understand . It is fantastical, but as for me it was interesting to see what we can do when we sleep.

Changes in the Seasonal Influenza a (H3N2) Viruses NS Gene

Changes in the Seasonal Influenza a (H3N2) Viruses NS element abridgment of amino Acid Sequence and Identifying of Changes in the InfluenzaA/(H3N2) virus NS Gene in Isolates from IranLawal D. Rogo,Farhad Rezaei,Nazanin Z. Shafiei Jandaghi,Nastaran Ghavami,Ghazal-Sadat Fateminasab,Talat Mokhtari-Azad Subject Medical Sciences Keywords Influenza A (H3N2) virus, Iran, Mutation, NS1 divisor.AbstractThe main functions of NS protein of influenza A virus is suppressing of display case I IFN production by the host. Insight on the level of changes in the seasonal influenza A (H3N2) viruses NS gene in Iran is little. We rate and analyzed amino blistering of NS gene of 32 influenza A (H3N2) virus isolates for the purpose of getting detailed information about the transmissible changes in this gene. Amino mordant sequence revealed 5 different changes in NS1protein. Three of which are fixed amino acid changes E26K, D209N and K229E eyepatch 10 (31.3%) T58P and 5 (15.6%) A86S amino acid cha nges were also sight. There was no change observed in nuclear export protein (NEP). The news report provides an insight on mutations in NS gene occurring in this viral gene in the country that has not been reported elsewhere.Keywords Influenza A (H3N2) virus, Iran, Mutation, NS1 gene.IntroductionInfluenza viruses have been widely studied due to their pandemic capability. This capabilities have resulted in more mortality and severe disease in the general nation, the most not adequate to(p) being the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 and 19191. Mechanism of virulence for these viruses is on their capacity to cause immunopathogenesis.Synthesis of two mRNAs from the eighth vRNA segment of the viral gene was known by Influenza A virus. The early encodes NS1 protein, and the later is produced by splicing of NS1 mRNA that is translated into a protein which localizes in the cellphoneular teleph angiotensin-converting enzyme nucleus that was formally named NS2 but were now renamed the nuclear export protein (NEP) 2,3.NS1 protein is translated from the mRNA directly and consists of 124237 amino acids (aa), depending on the virus gallop 4- 6. The incumbently circulating Influenza A/H3N2 virus in Persian population from this research is 230 aa-long. NS1 protein is made of two important domains N-terminal RNA-binding domain (173) and C-terminal effector domain (73237) residues 7. Though NS1 protein has different roles, one of its main actions is to alter type I IFN production by the host8, acts after transcription to prevent the 3-end processing of host mRNA involving IFN mRNA by attaching to cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30) and poly-A-binding protein nuclear I 9,10 .One hundred and twenty one amino acid-long proteins were translated from mRNA of NS2/NEP11. In the current study it is long hundred aa-long. It may promote production of a stable export complex of new viral RNP. In alliance with matrix protein 1(M1), it interacts with cellu lar export factor (CEF1) and modulates nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes by connecting cellular export machinery with vRNPs 14.NS gene implication in virulence and replication of the virus is well-documented. It has been shown that both NS1 F103L and M106I were adaptive changes that promoted replicative capacities in cells of different species and also virulence in the mouse lung15. NS1 is one of multifunctional protein determinant of virulence with several functions in different ways to counteract the cellular innate immune response 14. It has been reported that H5N1 virus was able to interfere with IFN- activation due to properties of its NS1 gene, inhabiting F103L and M106I changes and also nature of its NP and PA genes15. Avian influenza viruses sequence analysis shows that NS1 protein C-terminal four residues is a probable PDZ domain ligand (PL) of the X-S/T-X-V type 16.Proteinprotein recognition modulation that organizes diverse cell signaling assembli es was shown to be function PDZ domains. It was known to plays important roles in the cell recognition process. Ninety percent of the mankind influenza viruses with RSKV or RSEV in NS1 protein were shown to have a C-terminal four-residue PL sequence. High mortality outbreaks of the recent snip known to be of avian origin and therefore contain avian-like NS1 C-terminal PL residues of ESEV or EPEV which are incriminated to about 7% of Homo sapiens viruses consist of H5N1 isolates. It was reported that avian viruses NS1 proteins bind to 30 known human PDZ domain-containing proteins, and NS1 proteins for human attaching to PDZ domain-containing proteins was not noticed 14. It has been reported that C terminus of the NS1 electric switch with KSEV from the 1918 H1N1 virus increased pathogenicity as observed by morphological changes of lung sections, though the virus was shown to causes less weight loss in mice in product line with viruses harboring the H5N1 HPAI14. Previous studies h ave identified a change in NS1 gene (S42P, D92E and V149A) with regard to the involvement of NS1 protein in virulence that increased viral pathogenicity17-19. NS gene extent of variation in the influenza A (H3N2) viruses in Iran in recent years has not been described. Presently analysis of NS gene of 32 isolates where carried out from Iranian population in order to secure more detailed information about its phylogeny and genetic changes, and compare the changes found in these strains, the vaccine strain and other isolates from countries in northern hemisphere. The aim of the study is sequence analysis of amino acid and identification of changes in the NS gene of influenza A (H3N2) virus isolated in Iran that may affect the functions of this protein in pathogenesis.MethodsTwo hundred and fourteen specimens of patients with respiratory unwellness were obtained from the field Influenza Centre at School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. It was cultured in MDCK ce ll line following WHO guide line for influenza A virus isolation. RNA origination was carried out with High Pure Viral Nucleic acid extraction kit (Roche Diagnostic, Germany) according to manufacturers protocol. Real-Time RT-PCR was carried out for the detection of Influenza viruses. Ninety specimens were positive for influenza A/H3N2 virus.NS gene was amplified apply one-step RT-PCR kit (Qiagen) and specific primers (NSH3N2-F5-AGCAAAAGCAGGGTGACAAAGA-3 and NSH3N2-R5-GAGAAAGTTCTTATCTCCTGTTCCA-3). The condition for the RT-PCR was as follows Reverse transcription at 50C for 40 minutes, initial PCR activation at 95C for 10 minutes, Denaturation at 95C for 30 second, Annealing at 57C for 30 second, Extension at 72C for 1 minutes (for 40 cycles) and a final extension at 75C for 10 minutes. The PCR products were purified use Qiaquick gel purification kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturers instruction. Samples were sequenced using specific primers and Big Dye terminator v3.1 cycle seque ncing kit with the genetic analyzer ABI 3130 in the National Influenza Laboratory. Sequence alignment was done using BIOEDIT and ClustalW program20. Sequence alignment revealed similarities amongst the isolates. NS gene sequences of 32 influenza A/H3N2 virus strains isolated in this study out of 90 sequenced were selected base on the range of sample collection, compared and analyzed with the vaccine strain and the sequences obtainable from other countries in the northern hemisphere already deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic tree construction were performed using MEGA Software version 5.05 21.ResultIsolates re render samples stash away from June 2013 to March 2014. In the current study 230 aa were found in NS1 while the NS2/NEP had 120 amino acids. Analysis depicted relationship phylogenetically that shows there are exact clusters of the virus suggestive of co-circulation of multiple sub-lineages (Figure 1).In respect to genetic variation, H3 numbering system of amino acid was used in naming the sight amino acid changes 13, 14. Substitutions were found in 26, 58, 86, 209 and 229 aa positions in NS1 protein, respectively ( dishearten 1). There was no amino successor in regard to NS2/NEP found. NS1 proteins have fixed amino acid substitution at positions 26, 209 and 229 in the current study. At position 26, it occurs as a result of substitution at the 76-78 Codon from GAA to AAA causing a glutamate to lysine substitution. In position 209, substitution occurs at 625-627 Codon from GAT to AAT causing an aspartate to asparagine substitution. While in position 229, substitution occurs at 685 687 Codon from AAA to GAA causing a lysine to glutamate substitution. Another 10 (30.3%) NS1 proteins substitution occurs at (58 amino acid position) 172-174 Codon from ACC to CCC causing a threonine to proline substitution. Also 5 (15.2%) of the NS1 proteins substitution occurs at (amino acid position 86) 256-258 Codon from GCT to TCT causing an alanine to serine substituti on.Figure 1 Relationship of the NS nucleotide coding region phylogenetically of influenza viruses used in this study. Neighbor-joining analysis with Tamura-Neibour model, using MEGA 5.05 was used to generate the tree. Circular black dot represent studied samples and angular black dot represent vaccine strain.Table 1 Amino acid changes of NS1 protein of influenza A/H3N2 virus strains from Iranian Population compared with vaccine strain and other countries in northern hemisphere.Virus isolates Amino acid at indicated position in NS1 protein1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 22 5 8 8 8 1 2 3 3 4 6 0 0 26 8 0 5 6 1 9 5 9 0 4 4 9 9NS2/NEP analysis does not reveal any amino acid change in the present study (Table 2).Nucleotide sequence data obtained has been deposited to GenBank database and can be retrieved under accession numbers KP162026- KP162056 and KP209320.Table 2 Amino acid changes of NS2/NEP protein of influenza A/H3N2 virus strains from Iranian Population compared with vaccine strain and other co untries in northern hemisphere.Virus isolatesAmino acid at indicatedposition in NS2 protein4788A/Texas/50/2012 E RA/Tehran/77254/2014A/Eslamshahr/73061/2014A/Eslamshahr/73060/2014A/Tehran/74551/2014A/Tehran /44573/2014A/Tehran/69904/2014A/Sanandaj/65990/2014A/Ilam/55882/2014A/Tehran/77150/2014A/Tehran /78183/2014A/Tehran/60708/2014A/Tehran/57157/2014A/Tehran/69969/2014A/Tehran/69640/2014A/Varamin/78055/2014

Techno Structural Interventions

Techno Structural InterventionsEmployees social occasion is ane of the resume issues in the field of solicitude sciences it catchs relatively much important when appears in brass section organic evolution do by. While sledding for nigh preventives, supremacy without the employees involvement seems to be impossible. This paper argues that how the employees involvement affect the success of interventions regale. For this Empirical study has been conducted in the textile sector of Pakistan to explore the relationship between the employees involvement and the techno-geomorphologic interventions, the results atomic number 18 very much likely the literature.Change tries to alter the employees status quo if it occurs rapidly it understructure be very disturbing for tout ensemble the stake holders of the shaping (DaphneG.Taras, JamesT.Bennett, 2007) as the employees argon the direct victims of the salmagundi thats why they feel more economic insecurity in the clear pla ce. Change piece of tail be of non-homogeneous types and can raise the fear in the employees, doest not matter it has good or bad sham on the employees (ADF Price, K chahl, 2006) further on the whole transport al meanss stick to in the governing for the discipline purposes (Rikard Athin, 2004). Organization ripening is controlled influence in which sequence of lickions, activities intended to improve the transcriptional executing and effectiveness (Thomas G cummings Christopher G whorley, 2002).These set of sequenced planned win overs for improvement of organizational performance and development ar c onlyed interventions (cummings whorley, 1993). Interventions provide only work for the organization if they are relevant with the organization (Chris Argyris, 1970). These interventions introduction varies from organizational ineluctably and can be divided into different types of interventions (D. Coghlan 1995). At the highest level in the organization, there are stra tegic level interventions, which are designed to form the organization structure for achieving its objectives affectively (R. Draft 1998). The other one and only(a) is the techno-structural intervention, having purpose is to form appropriate work designs and organizational structures to provide the strategic support of the organization development (E lawler III, 1974). The third component of the intervention is the people oriented interventions which focus on the fulfillment of human needs in the organization as easilyhead as the expectations of the organizational effectiveness (Frank Friedlander LD Brown, 1974).Our main focus in this investigate is in techno-structural intervention, which deals with the restructuring of the organization the restructuring is in the division of workload of overall organization in to subunits for pass completion of the task effectively (M Tushman, E Romanelli, 1986). Restructuring can be performed on at least five major factors, environment, org anization size, technology, organization strategy and world wide operation (Thomas G cummings Christopher G whorley, 2002). arc abet other major component of techno structural intervention is the employees involvement, D Glew, et al 1995 defined the employees involvement on the alkali of power, information, cognition and skills and finally reward. Final component of intervention is work design , broadly verbalize work design is of two types, one is of scientific management (F. Taylor, 1911) which is task oriented, the other type of work design is motivational approach (G Susman, 1976).Muhammad ImranMuhammad Mahmood AslamIn literature, F. Herzberg, N. Mausner, B snyderman 1959, describes the work design having the opportunities for autonomy, move forwarding, responsibility and effectiveness gives more satisfaction to the employees and increase the employees involvement. Enrichment of the job of the employees leads to the employees satisfaction as well as to the acceptance of the diverge (F. Hertz berg, 1974). Employees involvement plays an important role in the success or failure of the organization. Our look for in this context revolves around the relationship between the employees involvement and its effect on the techno structural interventions. In this alpha interrogation we will describe the relationship which exists in the employees involvement and techno-structural interventions.MethodologyWe vex utilise the entropy from three different sources i.e. Literature, Survey using questionnaire and unstructured interviews. The literature based on the interventions which includes the previous research on the interventions as well as the field studies from national as well as from external journals pee-pee been used to provide theoretical ground to our hypothesis. Beside this, for empirical study we have selected the textile sedulousness of Pakistan, in which assortments are imminent on thoroughly basis (Yim Yu Wong, Peng S. Chan 1993). In textile manufacturing of Pakistan, we have selected the five readily available organizations from which we derive the sample of 150 respondents by using the simple haphazard sampling method. All the respondents were middle level managers having minimum 10-15 years of experience in the apparel industry. Beside this in our respondents are the top level management, for them we use the interviews for collecting the data. Analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data has been performed in our research.ScopeAs the Economic recession all over the world has affect the industry all over the world, alone in all these mass under developed countries suffer more with this phenomenon (Nick Beams 2001 ). In reason of Pakistani, where the major export portion is based on the apparel industry this phenomenon become more critical (Frank P. Saladis PMP, 2007) resultantly, decreasing in export give rise the manager to bring some(a) intervention in this sector at top management level, a number of d ecision has been interpreted to bring change but the success ratio of these are very low (Areeba Khan 2001) our research in this context will bring the revolutionary change it will give the manager a new direction that how the successfully interventions can be made by involving the employees. Our study setting is project in which we have the minimal interference in this study so, the external validity of our study will be very high and it will provide a great support to the industry.LimitationsThe intervention emergence or any change edge is not an event of day it took from months to the year (Stuart Gilmour, et al 2006). As our study is cross sectional study in which we have gather the data in the equivalent span of time so we can just analyze the past that in the past what are the impact made by the employees involvement in the intervention. However we can give recommendations for the future. Another involvement which limit our study is that though we have selective the respo ndent with the random sampling methodology heretofore the organizations for the study are those which are readily available to us.Literature ReviewChanges must be preceded systematically (GuangmingCao, et al 2004). The success ratio for the change increase greatly, when we use the proper mildew of planned change (YitzhakSamuel, et al 2004). In spite of all the planning and development change never successfully happened and in the main the reason git this failure is resistance (JamesL.Vann, 2004). To overcome the resistance and for the success of change several(prenominal) factors can influence, these can be management involvement and support, employees participation, information sharing and the most important is leadership (Jean E. Neumann, et al 1999). The sequenced, planned, organized and managed from the top changes are called the interventions (Beckhard 1961). While designing intervention, concept of Effective intervention has much vastness which describes that effective i ntervention is providing the free and informed choice to the employees by the organization (C Argyris, 1970).Widely, research has been done that how to design intervention and how to make them effective to achieve the organization objective effectively (D. Warrick 1995). While designing some interventions, individual differences (skills, knowledge, need for autonomy, etc), organization factors (management structure, Employees, culture etc) and dimension of change process (management support, employees involvement, power etc) must be considered (J Porras, et al 1987).While going for interventions in the organization, quaternion major options are available that are strategic interventions, Techno-structural compassionate Process and Human Resource Management intervention (Thomas G. Cummings, et al 2001 ). Strategic intervention is of broader term describes the integrated as well as business level strategic intervention like cultural change, strategic change, self design organizatio n, and integrate strategic management (P. Evans, et al 1997).In human process, the interventions deals with the social issues which occurs among the organization members like communication gap, individual differences, conflicts and team issues (D. Ancona, et al 1992). Thirdly, the human resource management interventions, aim is to cultivation setting, Performance management, reward systems, career planning and development and managing work force diversity (D. McDonald, et al 1995). Techno-structural intervention is another type of the organizational intervention which mainly deals with the issues like business process reengineering, total property management, Quality circles and work design (M. Tushman, et al 1985). Techno-structural interventions have two important components which are technological interventions and the structural interventions (J. Galbraith, R. Kazanjian 1986). Technological interventions involve introduction of new technology in the organization like in organi zation changes made from the manual to computerized, or to implement some enterprise system (A. Chandler 1962). While in case of structural intervention it deals with the changing in organization structure, work design so that the organization whitethorn able to achieve the organization objective more effectively (G. Hamel, C. Prahalad 1994). In textile sector of Pakistan several techno-structural interventions have been made but the success ratios of these intervention is very low and still Pakistan is far behind than the rest of the world (Noor Ahmad Memon, Noor Zaman 2007). There are a number of reasons behind to discuss all these failure in the industry, but the most important of it is the lack of employees involvement in the intervention process which lead to this failure (S.A.J Shirazi 2007). Some researcher has defined the employees involvement on the basis of Participation in the change process and the profit sharing with the employees (Susan Schwochau 1997). Employees Invol vement can be defined as on the basis of antecedent, information sharing, Knowledge skills and finally Reward (Thomas G cummings Christopher G whorley, 2002). In our research we have used all the tetrad uncertains which we have further sub divide into sub variables to banknote this abstract into concept.Theoretical FrameworkEmployees Involvement in relation with the Techno-structural InterventionEmployees Involvement is in pendant variable and having sub variables are power, information sharing, knowledge and skills, while on the other hand techno-structural intervention is dependent variable. In our research we have studied the empirical relationship between the employees involvement and techno-structural intervention. Our scope of study is limited up to the textile industry of Pakistan in which we have selected the five readily available organizations. force outInformation SharingKnowledge and dexteritysRewardEmployees InvolvementTechno-structural InterventionIndependent in consistentDependent VariableFigure-1 Employees Involvement in Relation with the Techno-structural interventions.In five organizations, we go through the study of 150 participants who are all the middle level managers. For data collection we further classified all these four variables into its indicators. Power is existence defined as the decision making authority given by the employer to the employees up to their levels (D. Glew, et al 1995). The other indicators which we used in our research in order to find the indicators of power are management support and autonomy which gives the employees confidence and increase their participation in the intervention process (E. Lawler III 1986).The second indicator of the employees involvement is the information sharing which besides come on the employees to participate in the change process (SusanSchwochau, et al 2007). The information can be strategic information of the organization which deals with the organization vision, mission and objectives as well as the monetary information which indicate the financial gains or loss by the organization, it also give raise to the trust between the employees and employers as well (David E. Morgan, Rachid Zeffane 2003). The third indicator of the employees involvement is the employees knowledge and skills which focuses on the Training and development of the employees regarding the interventions (D. Roche, et al 1984). Employees involvement can also be made affective by giving them assignment which are challenging and relevant to the change of the organization (K. Broosseau 1983), beside this overall technique of knowledge management and transfer of learning can be made applicable to enhance the constructive participation of the employees (R. Ruggles 1998).Finally, Reward systems of the organization also affect the intervention process in the organizations. While going for intervention, the organization have pay plans like skill based pay plans in which employees are being rewarded according to the skills they owned (V. Gibson 1995). Performance based pay plans and performance based incentive is also in voyage in modern management practices to encourage the employees to work for the change (Z Schiller 1996). After the successful intervention, Employees should be get participated in the profit which the organization actually make by the implementation of intervention, this will encourage other employees to be the part of the intervention in the future (J Belcher 1994). If the organization dont go for the direct financial benefits, than other measures like promotion can be a source of encouragement to the employees.In this way, we have developed all these variables to measure the employees involvement in the process of Techno-structural interventions.PowerDecision making lateralityAutonomyManagement SupportInformation SharingStrategic InformationFinancial Information approaching PlansProcedures and ResultsKnowledge and SkillsTraining developmentChallen ging AssignmentDeveloping SkillsKnowledge ManagementRewardSkill based plansPerformance based plansGain SharingPromotionEmployees InvolvementFigure 2 Variables effecting the employees involvementData GatheringFor getting the data for our research, we developed several questionnaires in which we measure all these four variables that are power, information sharing, knowledge and skills. In questionnaire technique, all questionnaires consists of approximately 15-20 questions in which we have measured all these four variables to measure the employees involvement while techno-structural intervention has been measured by the indirect questions by intercommunicate about the work design, changing in technology and adoptability of the employees with the interventions.Analysis of DataAnalysis of Data is being performed by the SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) and in which by using the reversal model we analyze our findings. We used the regression analysis model for finding the e mpirical relationship between the employees involvement and the techno-structural interventions in the organization.This model indicates that there is positive relationship exists between the employees involvement and techno-structural interventions. If the employees involvement is greater than the employees will perform split up and go for the success of the intervention, in case if the organization is not given the employees the right to involve in decision making and employees dont find enough autonomy than employees not only will resist the change but also the success ratio of the intervention will also reduced. In context with the regression analysis performs above this indicate that model is quite significant, as the value of substance is less than .05. The significance value is actually the p-value which in statistics predicts that how much reliable is your model to predict the independent variable.On the basis of the data we gather by using the likert scale, from the obser vation as well as from executives interviews, we well come to know that there exist a strong relationship between the employees involvement as well as in the success of the techno-structural interventions, we have also proved this by using the SPSS (Statistical Package for social Sciences) where we use the regression analysis to find the correlation in between our variables. As the data is self-possessed from the field so the externally it does not give the exact result which we expect from the study but it shows the positive relationship and model is quite significant, in spite of field study. Another reason which can also be one of the factor that it is not showing the optimum relation is the culture of Pakistan, in which most of the time employees hesitate to take the responsibility and very few go for the intervention process and take to take the responsibility another social function which we study during this empirical study is the attitude of executives who dont want to s hare the information with the employees due to broken of secrecy problem they never ever trust in their employees either they are the bottom line managers or middle level managers, our study in this circumstances is just limited up to the executives and middle management as the low level managers and workers are not directly victim of the change process, they actually take the commands from the top and middle level management and act like that, in Pakistan it is more about the culture rather than the rules and regulations or policies of the company.Conclusion RecommendationsBased on the data, and the calculations shown above, it has been proved that techno-structural intervention is greatly impacted by the employees involvement, if the employees found the chance to participate in the change process, than they better performed as compared to those who dont have a chance to give their views about the intervention process. So, it is better to get the participation of the employees whi ch should be in positive manner this will enhance the confidence of the employees towards the intervention process and self responsibility of the employees will lead to the success of the intervention.In Textile Sector, as in case of Pakistan, Employees involvement can be increased by giving the employees proper participation as well as providing the opportunity to the employees so that they can get the responsibility by their own self. The all four variables which have been discussed here must be kept in mind in order to sic the employees for the Techno-structural intervention. One of the major problems which we really face while getting the data about the employees involvement is the organization structure which is highly autocratic. At the top level, Management dont wanted from the employees side to listen any thing they just wanted to pass the orders rather than to make the decisions by the consensus of the employees. But on one way around though some employees are also enough satisfied with this culture of the organization but in real sense the employees creativity element will all shutter down, resultantly they unavailing to hold that thing which actually they can. Summing up, our discussion as that as the competition is in the market is increasing, new and radical changes are being occurring in the organizations. Those organizations who get prepared their employees to accept the changes got success while other who unable to got accept the changes fail badly and one of the major reasons they have that their human resource dont accept the change made by the employer in some technical work or some structural design, resultantly it fails down.

Afghanistan Geostrategic Importance

Afghanistan Geo strategical ImportanceWhen Allah had made the quietus of the world, he saw there was a lot of rubbish remaining over, bits and pieces and things that did not fit anywhere else. He collected them all in concert and threw them down on the earth. That was Afghanistan.1 An old Afghan Saying.IntroductionThe Islamic visit of Afghanistan is a landlocked body politic in S tabuh- exchange Asia. It is variously exposit as world located within Central Asia,2South Asia,3or the Middle East.4It is bordered by Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast. The geographic entity now known as Afghanistan has a very long history, and has been an ancient focal point of the Silk lane and migration. It is an important geostrategic location, connecting East and West Asia or the Middle East. The land has been a target of various invaders, as well as a source from which local powers invaded neig hbouring roles to form their own empires. Ahmad Shah Durrani created the Durrani conglomerate in 1747, which is considered the origin of modern Afghanistan.5In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a damp dry land in The Great Game played amidst the British Empire and Russian Empire. Due to its strategic placement Afghanistan became the focal point of smart rivalry amidst czaristic Russia and Britain during the nineteenth century. On August 19,1919, undermentioned the third Anglo-Afghan fight, the country regained in dependency from the unite Kingdom over its orthogonal personal business. During the ensuing conflict, the war-weary British relinquished their discipline over Afghan orthogonal affairs by signing the agreement of Rawalpindi in August 19196. In commemoration of this event, Afghans celebrate August 19 as their Independence Day. Afghanistan remained at the centre stage of international politics as a dramaturgy in the cold war games of super powers wit h Pakistan acting as the frontline domain of regular army for channelling its financial, material and military supplies to the Afghan Mujahedeen. Since the late 1970s Afghanistan has experience a continuous state of civil war punctuated by extraneous occupations in the forms of the 1979 Soviet invasion and the 2001 USA led invasion that toppled the Taliban government. Afghanistan has delusive importance due to its potential to stoop the societies and politics in its bordering countries. (Refer bod 1)Historical PerspectiveThe geography of a nation determines its history, politics and the spirit of its people. Afghanistan has been called by many names from being the heart of Asia by the extensive Indian poet Mohamed Iqbal, to the cockpit of Asia by Lord Curzon.7The geo strategic location of Afghanistan has been significant since the early Aryan invasion it being located on the crossroads between the Arabian Sea and India and between the central Asia and South Asia, the countr y has therefore stood guard over the land routes to the Indian subcontinent. Even the ruler of Punjab maharaja Ranjit Singh, had recognised that the key to the protective cover of the plains of India lay in Kabul.8Afghanistan has always remained an discipline of imperial aspirations, differing perceptions and competitions both in medieval and modern times.9Even forward Afghanistan emerged as a geo political entity, the locality had seen competition for influence by the Mongols, Persians, the Mughals as well as local tribal chiefs. Though Afghanistan as a state existed since 1747, its current political borders evolved only toward the end of the live century (1880-1901) as an outcome of rivalry between British India and Tsarist Russia. Creation of a buffer state between the two lusus naturae powers in Asia was a political and military compulsion. Politically speaking, it was the issue of security between British India and Russia that determined Afghanistan as a state more than the featureor of its sovereignty since Afghanistans spatial location denied it the resources for it to be a workable state.10Successive Afghan rulers have maintained constancy by sourcing tax (i.e. plundering) from its neighbours11.Afghanistan played a pivotal role in the security linear perspective during the era of the great game in the Nineteenth century when Russian and British imperial powers seemed to be on a collision business in Central Asia.12The history of Nineteenth century is consequently a history of moves and counter moves on the part of the Russians and the British Empire, which ultimately resulted in the emergence of the land locked Afghanistan as a buffer state in the descent of frontiers. Thus, it was primarily this Great Game being played out in Afghanistan, which resulted in evolving its current political borders, rather than its need for sovereignty. Since its stability was a key factor in maintaining the fragile security difference in the locality, the external powers continued to supply rulers of Afghanistan with as sured resources to sustain control and internal stability. Thus, Afghanistan became the only country to hold off both Russian and British expansion in the last century without aligning itself with either. The personal line of credit of Afghanistans border with Russia commenced in 1887, however Russians never lost sight of the fact that they needed to have their influence in the region, and this led to the signing of the Treaty of Friendship between the two in 192113. The British too, carried out the demarcation of the border with Afghanistan by creating the Durand line, named after Sir Mortimer Durand in 1893, without giving any feeling to the tribal affinities and traditional affiliations.14Geographical LocationAfghanistan is the worlds 41st-largest country (after Burma) and has an area of 245,000 substantive miles. It is landlocked and mountainous, with plains in the north and southwest. Afghanistan with a notic eable sizeable orchis of geometrically regular territorial configuration lies at the intersection of the Indian Sub-Continent (Pakistan), the Middle East (Iran), Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) and China (The Wakhan Corridor).In terms of outside(a) borders, the details are Pakistan (2430 km) Iran (936 km) Tajikistan (1206 km) Uzbekistan (137 km) Turkmenistan (744 km), and China (75 km).The northern and southern portion of Afghanistan is dual-lane by the massive Hindu Kush mountain ranges15. The Pamir Mountains to the northeast also named the ceiling of the world by Marco Polo are the junction between Tajikistan, Afghanistan and China. In the east, the passes in Suleiman mountain range like the famous Khyber Pass have provided overture to the Indian subcontinent.Geo strategical Relevance since solid ground warfare IIThe ring mail World War II saw the collapse of the British colonial rule in the Subcontinent and Soviet compact emerging as a Super Power with USA led western bloc and Soviet Union led eastern communist block16. With the British difference of opinion from India Afghanistan lost its importance, possibly since the western bloc found an ally in Pakistan to counter the Soviet expansion. However, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 brought the country to the glare once again and the strategic balance of the subcontinent was altered dramatically with interference of extra regional powers. The geo strategic relevance of Afghanistan in the above background cannot be overlooked and it gained nurture importance with the breakup of Soviet Union. Infact the country has emerged as a new centre for terrorism.Post Cold War Era and the New Great GameThe withdrawal of Soviet Union from Afghanistan once again altered the geopolitical and geo strategic importance of Afghanistan. The answer power vacuum, infighting among the Mujahedeen commanders, weak government of Najibulla at Kabul, and the lack of United States support to Pakistan, were to a large extent responsible for the state of affairs in Afghanistan. Coupled with an indifferent world community, it formed a sure shot recipe for disaster.Surrounded by two nuclear states (China and Pakistan), a threshold nuclear state (Iran) and having two other nuclear powers in its near vicinity (India, and Russia) places Afghanistan in a difficult situation with its neighbours as well other powers vying to get a foothold in the region to spread their influence in the region and the subcontinent.The emergence of new States in Central Asia in 1991 brought to limelight the vast Hydrocarbon resources available in the region and once again Afghanistan acquired the critical importance of the land route from Central Asia to Arabian Sea. It could be asserted that despite its landlocked location, Afghanistan is important in geo-economic terms too both in terms of substantial deposits of rock oil colour and natural gas (assessed but not tapped) and as a cypher corrid or for Central Asia energy produce.The newly independent states of the Central Asian region have been desperately looking for means of communication to export their oil and gas riches, so as to end their isolation and economic dependence on Russia. Turkmenistans hope of reviving plans to lay the pipeline across war torn Afghanistan to Pakistan and then to India revealed the desperation facing these states.Taliban and the Impact on the Geo Strategic EnvironmentWhen Russia eventually withdrew from Afghanistan, the US-supported Mujahideen took control. Instead continuing the support for the buffer state, Americas subsequent withdrawal from the region caused a power vacuum, allowing sectarian engagements (the Taliban) to contact control. As Afghanistan had been abandoned by both Russian and the West, the Taliban had no interest in acting as buffer, and pursued their own agenda. Afghanistan, apart from being the land bridge to central Asia has also become a substructure to the fundame ntalist ranging from the Jihadis from Kashmir to the Uighur separatists and provided a suitable launch pad for such activities in Central Asia. Afghanistans geo-political and historical background further complicated the situation.The Taliban were initially welcomed by the war torn population since they promised an end to the prevailing anarchy. However, the subsequent point for power and their change in stance from having no political ambitions, to a flat refusal for power sharing pushed Afghanistan into another period of instability. Afghanistan, till declension 2001, can therefore be described as having been a licitly undivided territory of fragmented power17. Soon Taliban as a Host to Al Qaida and its leader, Osama Bin Laden, turned into reality the threat of Islamic Fundamentalism faced by the Central Asian states since 1991. The strengthening of links between militant organisations like Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Al Qaida, the Chechen rebels, Uighur separatists and the Taliban, further compounded the security situation in the region. The bombings of the US embassies in 1998 brought USA and the Taliban on a collision course. However, it was the 11 Sep 2001 attacks on the World Trade Centre, which roused the world community and forced them to dole out with the menace be by Taliban and its associates.The Relevance Post 11 Sep 2001The global war on terrorism (GWOT) launched by USA and its allies has added great deal of turbulence in the region. Presence in Afghanistan provides USA an opportunity to influence the region and keep a check on Russian, Chinese, Pakistani, Iranian and the Indian influence, the nuclear states in the region, a job it has already commenced, as is unmixed from the pressure on Pakistan and the Iranians.18The United States however is in a strategic dilemma as it made its Afghanistan strategy totally dependent on Pakistan Armys cooperation. A strategic denouement is underway presently.The United States geopolitically stirs a wi tches cauldron in Afghanistan by giving primacy to Pakistan Armys strategic sensitivities to control Afghanistan19.Any US exit from Afghanistan could create a political vacuum which would most credibly get filled in by Russia, Iran and India.20

Bluetooth Connection GFSK

Bluetooth Connection GFSKBACKGROUND OF BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGYBluetooth was originally organize by the fol deplorableing five entitiesIBMINTELERICSSONNOKIATOSHIBAThe initial five kick in magnanimous to well over a thousand companies at this point and the image is increasing. Though Bluetooth is not quite as popular as 802.11, in that location are number of applications for a wide array of divergent radio receiver doojiggers.For interesting background where exactly Bluetooth get its progress to? Contrary to what your tooth doctor might think it is not from eating blueberries. The actual origin of this shape is formed from a tenth century S placedinavian king whose name was HARALD BLUETOOTH. The companionship is that in his real life he managed to unite some(prenominal) dispa set kingdoms under one area. The idea was to make Bluetooth encompass a kingdom of divergent devices and to create a convergence of many another(prenominal) different devices under the umbrella of one global specification.1.2 WHAT IS BLUETOOTH WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY?Bluetooth radio receiver is an open specification for a low-cast , low power, short-range radio engineering for ad hoc tuner communication of representative and entropy any where in the world. Lets examine to each one of these attributesAn open specification means that the specification is in public available and royalty free Short range radio engineering science means device washstand communicate over the air utilise radio waves at a distance of 10 meters. With higher transmission system power the range increases to approximately 100 meters.Because communication is with in a short range, the radios are low power and are suited for portable, battery-ope rankd devices.Bluetooth radiocommunication technology supports twain voice and data, allowing devices to communicate either type of field of study2. BLUETOOTH MODULATION2.1 Modulation IntroductionBluetooth uses Gaussian absolute absolute frequency shift ke ying (GFSK). much than explicitly, Bluetooth 0.5 BT Gaussian filtered frequency shift keying (2FSK) also referred to as double star frequency shift keying (BFSK) at one M symbols/s with a transfer spacing of 1MHz. Since lonesome(prenominal) dickens frequencies are used one fleck is one symbol (i.e. one indicates a positive frequency deflection (normally 157.5 kc) from the newsboy, and a zero indicates a negative frequency deviation (normally 157.5 KHz) from the carrier).The throw shows that amplitude versus season as well as constellation plat plot of 2FSK transition that is used for Bluetooth. The frequency deviation range is surrounded by cxl 175 KHz.2.2 Summary of Bluetooth modulation requirementsTo receive Bluetooth qualification, a radio must have the following modulation characteristicsGFSK with BT at 0.5 type tramp of 1 mega symbols per second (Ms/s), corresponding to a data rate of 1 Mb/s modulation index beta mingled with 0.28 0.35double star 1 with a posit ive fd and 0 with a negative fdSymbol timing better than +20, -20 parts per million (PPM)Zero crossing illusion not greater than 1/8 of a symbol diaphragmThe fd corresponding to a 1010 sequence to be at least 80 % of fd corresponding to a 00001111 sequenceMinimum fd equal to 115 KHzMost of the previous modulation characteristics are self explanatory buy food perhaps the last two. If the modulation index is between 0.28 0.35, then comparison 3.18 tell us that the corresponding fd must be between 140 175 KHz. This can be considered a energize state fd for a long sequence of binary ones or zeroes. Due to the ISI inherent in GFSK its possible that fd may not micturate its upper limit value for a binary sequence that alternates between 1 0. The specification requires that fd under these conditions reach at least 115 KHz, which is about 80 % of the minimum steady state fd of 140 KHz.2.3 Bluetooth data Rates and Data PacketsThe theoretical maximum data rate is 1 Mbps, but due to overhead, the maximum realizable asymmetric data rate is reduced to 723.2 Kbps. This is also a dapple misleading because the reverse link has a much lower data rate. The table shows is a summary of the possible data rates for the sundry(a) mail boat sizes.The information is transmitted in a packet in a time slot. Each time slot corresponds to an RF skip over frequency. A packet of information can be transmitted in one time slot, terzetto time slots, or five time slots. Naturally, a five slot packet carries more information than a three slot packet, which carries more than a one slot packet. Data high rate (DH) masters higher data rates by using less error counterbalanceion in the packets. Data medium (DM) rate achieves a lower bit error rate probability by using more error correction in the packets. A Bluetooth packet is shown in the go in.2.4 Bluetooth Modulated SignalA modulated signal can be denoted asWhere fc is the carrier frequency, T is the bit period, h is the modul ation index and x(t) is the input of the modulator. The above equation can be viewed as the output of a voltage controlled oscillator with an input of x(t). In FSK modulation, x(t) is a binary signal whereas in GFSK modulation, the binary signal is first passed through a low pass Gaussian filter to produce x(t). This is shown in beneath figure.GFSK modulation is determined by two parameters the modulation index (h) and the bandwidth of the Gaussian filter. The Gaussian filter is usually characterized by the bandwidth-time product (BT), which is equal to the 3-db bandwidth of the Gaussian filter (B) times the bit period (T).In Bluetooth the bit rate is 1Mb/s, BT is 0.5 in the modulation index varies from 0.28 to 0.35, the figure above shows the simulated spectrum of a Bluetooth signal.Note that the well known Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) is a special case of GFSK in the modulation index 0.5.2.5 Frequency HoppingThe forcible connection of Bluetooth uses frequency jumpping a t 1 MHz skim at the actual carrier is spread spectrum modulated. This is known as frequency hop spectrum and is used to improve immunity from interference principal(prenominal)ly from IEEE 802 WiFi wireless fidelity shares the alike(p) spectrum as other users of the ISM band for ideal transitorily operated microwave ovens.There is a fundamentally sound reason for this approach. wireless fidelitys wage significantly more bandwidth than 1 MHz and employ SS techniques, in which a pseudo-random code is used to modulate the information transmitted. At the receiver the same pseudo-random code has to be available to de-modulate it successfully called co-relation. As a result, many WLANs using different pseudo codes can transmit simultaneously without rough-cut interference. The Bluetooth frequency-hop system appears as an un-correlated noise like signal to a WLAN receiver and what is more its signal energy is spread over the faultless band of the WLAN by the de-correlated demodu lation process. SO in practice plebeian interference amounts lonesome(prenominal) to a raised noise floor for some(prenominal) systems. A raise noise floor simply reduces the available carrier to noise and hence reduces the range possible. This is the chief(prenominal) effect of mutual interference. An excommunication can occur when signals are so strong because of the close proximity of the antennas, that they overwhelm a receiver.Bluetooth frequency rate is chosen to be 1600 hops per second with a 625 us dwell time per hop. The minimum soprano time of 625 us corresponds to a single time slot. Part of this hop timing is taken up by the guard time 220 us allowing the hardware based frequency synthesizer time to settle. The transmission impart is derived from the time slots, spread over 79 or 23 frequencies. The frequency hoping scheme uses time division quintuplexing (TDMA), as illustrated in the figure, where the frequency pace n=1MHz.2.6 PiconetsA piconet is formed by tw o or more devices discover each other and begin to communicate. A piconet can have up to eight devices, with one device acting as a master and the rest acting as slsaves. The first device initiates transmission becomes the master, although the specification provides for a master and slave unit to exchange roles. A specific frequency-hopping sequence is used by all devices in spite of appearance each piconet. The figure shows the simplest example of a piconet. In the figure, a cell resound is downloading the address book and telephone number information to the users laptop computer.In this example the laptop acts as the master. The application software running on the laptop contacts the cell phone when it is at bottom range, and requests that it synchronize its database with the one stored on the laptop.As stated earlier a single piconet can have up to eight devices. The reason for this limit is simpleThe address is only three bit long. This means that in binary only the value of 0 7 can be stored in the address field. The master has no address but zero is reserved for broadcast messages so the only addresses remaining for use by slaves are 1 7. However, a device can participate in two different piconets called a scatternet. The figure shows an example of a larger piconet, in which one master controls multiple slaves in a piconet.You can see that its possible to link various(a) devices in a piconet. You can download digital images from your digital tv camera to the laptop, use more than one Bluetooth-enabled cell phone to place voice calls and even contact a personal digital assistant personal organiser to the laptop to exchange information. other interesting thing to note in this figure is that you can also use a single connection to the internet without having to have a direct cable connection to the modem or broadband connection.2.7 ScatternetsA device can be master of only one piconet. The device can, at the same time, also be a slave in another pic onet that is within range. A slave can also participate in two different piconets that are within its range. However, because the master device determines the hoping pattern used for a piconet, a device cannot be a master of more than one piconet. An example of a simple scatternet is shown in figure.In this figure, a laptop computer communicates with devices in both piconets. Note that the laptop is a slave in both piconets. It is possible, however, for the laptop to be a master in one piconet and a slave in another (as shown in the figure). When a device is genus Phallus of two piconets it keeps track of both frequency-hoping patterns and occasionally listens in on the correct frequency on each of the two piconerts so that it can go forward in touch with both piconets. A master device transmits a packet to its slaves occasionally to maintain the link, base band on negotiations between the master and its slave devices. Thus, a device that is a member of two piconets must listen fo r these transmissions (or make them if its the master in one piconet) within the time frame negotiated for each of the piconets of which it is member. The above explanation can be understand better with the below figure.Bluetooth transmitter consists of CODE MAPINGPFDBALUNAMPLIFIERSAMPLIFIER DETECTOR wake up PUMPT/R SWITCHPFD/CPCAP ARRAY3. Advantages and Disadvantages of BluetoothThe main advantage of Bluetooth is its compact form and portability. This technology can be make bum and can be integrated to micro-levels easily. Bluetooth signals are very unsusceptible to weather conditions and can often operate where other technologies may fail. contempt its short range the technology can be very legal and cheap where long distance coverage is not required. In newfangled hardware Bluetooth is being used widely. Almost all platforms are benefiting from its cheap production such as cell phones, gaming consoles, computer computer peripheral devices etc. Even computers can achieve LA N connectivity using Bluetooth. Another great feature of this technology is its less power consumption.The only discriminate of this technology is perhaps its short range and limited connections i.e. only up to eight devices can connect be connected simultaneously.4. ConclusionThe main aims of Bluetooth are to provide universal radio interference for ad hoc wireless connectivity at low cost, delivering modest speed (1-3Mbps) short range (1-100M) and low power consumption.Bluetooth is a very powerful tool. This technology has proven to be very cost effective and powerful. Over the years we have seen rapid enhancements in this technology. This technology has replaced the previously famous infrared technology which was mutually beneficial on line of sight connections. Through Bluetooth one can achieve an effective data transfer rate and easier connectivity regardless the weather conditions.References1. Kumar Bala C, Klien Paul, Thomson Tin, Thomson J. timothy Bluetooth application p rogramming with Java applications2. Iniewski Krzysztof piano tuner Technologies Circuit, establishments, Devices3. Miller Stewart S. WiFi security measure4. Patrick David, Morrow Robert Wireless network Co-Existence5. Ganguly Madushree Getting Started With Bluetooth6. Kelly Jod, Schaub Keith B. Production Testing of RF and System-on-Chip Devices for Wireless7. Nicholas Randall K., Lekkas Panos C. Wireless Security Models, Threats and Solution8. Golrnie Nada Coexistance in Wireless Networks Challenges and System Solutions9. Prabhu C. S. R., Reddi Prathap A. Bluetooth Technology and its Applications with Java and J2ME10. Zolfaghari Ali Raza Low-Power CMOS Design for Wireless Transceivers11. Morrow Robert, Laroka James Demystified Operation and habit12. Muller Scott Upgrading and Repairing Networks13. Hill Goff The Cable and Telecommunication Professional References PSTN, IP