Shut Down Facebook

Shut down Facebook Facebook has become a place where everyone wants to be nowadays. Not only is it wrong to be on there every single day, it is as well as unhealthy, which is why Facebook should be banned. People no perennial cargon nearly going out and making friends. Instead, they rather baffle inside and become friends with people they do non even agnize on Facebook. These kinds of actions wad be really dangerous. People can advantageously create Facebook accounts, meaning that it is also easy to portray someone theyre non. No one ever knows who really is sitting behind that information processing system screen.Especially young people, they can be ignorant at times persuasion they know their friends good enough to give them their information. Most people are unaware of how easy it is for a stranger to collect all of their information. another(prenominal) bad thing about Facebook is all the drama it can causa between friends, families, or any kind of relationship. It is sad how arguments are stick on for the whole world to see. Teenagers every so often lie about their age just so they do not have to train for their parents approval. This in most cases happens because teenagers are doing things theyre not suppose to.In addition, people sometimes tend to hide their identities on manipulation to do unpleasant things such as stalking, and bullying. There are also sick people who create fake Facebook accounts to harass little kids. Facebook is not good anymore. Many people are taking advantage of it and it is snap off for it to be shut down for good. No one needs Facebook, anyone can survive without it. It is healthier to be out there living animateness than sitting behind a computer talking about it. It would sure enough make a change if Facebook were banned forever.

Ethics and Governance Essay

With reference to the Oxford English dictionary (2012), virtuouss is described as the science of chastes. It is also the agency of body of work with regards to the values of moralistic obligations of what is right or wrong. It also c overs gentleman behaviour. A company makes many lasts in a course of nonpargonil day. It may include, launching new products, doing Public Relations, making sales, rewriting company policies and the enlisting or retrenchment of hoi polloi, just to name a few. All stage business aims to do so ethic whollyy. To conduct business ethically, a business essential outset commit to adhering to laws and regulation (Timms, 2009). These argon clearly defined, as they ar in black and white. However, once the definition of what is ethical becomes contested, ethical dilemmas forget arise. An ethical dilemma occurs when on that point is a situation which all replenishment choices and behaviours concord been deemed undesirable, and that there may be potential ethical consequences when single is unable to position the right from the wrong.An moral of an ethical dilemma is of follows, where one faces a conflict between his ethical code and his business aims. Cadbury, the coffee tree producer, was offered a contr stand for by Queen Victoria to send ornamental tins of chocolates to e real single one of her soldiers in the Anglo-Boer war in federation Africa (Andrews, 1989). However, since he was against the war, which resulted in him deciding to resolve this conflict by finish the order with pop profit. According to Sir Adrian Cadbury (1987), his grandfather make no profit out of what he saw as an unjust war. The additional work bring inted his employees, the purple sticks consisting of tins of chocolates were sent to the soldiers, and it was a win-win situation. In a business, there argon 3 levels of ethics the ethics of the governing body, workplace ethics and idiosyncratic ethics (Trevina & Nelson, 2011).A governing b ody usually is made up of a board of directors, whose aim in the company is to make good corpo rank practices easier and more than(prenominal) available for employees. They too must drive and motivate employees to hit for good performance, conformance and results. Workplace ethics are important, as it ensures a conducive and supportive environment to work in. There must be equal treatment among and within subgroups, open communication between levels, and culture must be transparent and readily available. Individual ethics is bear upon by four complementary elements. Individuals must be able to identify ethical issues experience the values and priorities through their grasping of principles, rules, norms and theories developing their individual sets of reasoning and perception and improving the strength of one to act upon such ratiocinations (Trevina & Nelson, 2011).Before a ticklish stopping point is made, the shareholder or the private instructor has to think a problem though. One way to do so is exploitation Kidders Ethical Checkpoints (2006). He has 9 checkpoints which he feels go away lead to an ethical decision being made. First, the manager needs to recognise that there is a moral issue. afterward determining the actor, he has to fit the relevant facts. Next, he tests for right-versus-wrong issues as well as paradigms. After applying closing principles, he has to look for a third way before making the decision. After the decision is made, he has to revisit and reflect on the decision. After much research, I feel that Utilitarian commence is the most usable in point company decisions. I leave behind explain why below. A decision is only ethical, harmonise to the functional principle, if it has the superior discharge return(prenominal) as compared to any new(prenominal) alternatives.As a decision maker, he must evaluate and weigh every option present to him. He must determine if there any positive or negative utilities arising from the option, before selecting the option that has the greatest net utility (Fuitzsche, 2005). It is very similar to the cost-benefit analysis apply by stakeholders to consider the costs and benefits of a potential business decision. According to someone applying the utile principle, a decision is only ethical if it has the greatest net utility and benefits the most quite a little. An example of the utilitarian approach is when, during office hours, a company monitors their employees habits desire tobacco consumption, as one mans actions can need the entire workplace. A prominent example is in Singapore, where there is the smoke (Prohibition in Certain Places) Act.This act aims to protect the public from the hazardous effect of second-hand smoke. (Smoking Prohibitions, 2012) By making sure that employees do non smoke about the office, there would potentially be less health problems, so lesser sick employees which mean improved productivity and greater yields. There are t wo types of utilitarianism, act and rule. Act utilitarianism targets problems in the short run firearm rule utilitarianism targets problems in the desire run. While act utilitarianism looks at the substance aftermath of a single act, rule utilitarianism looks at the repercussion over a series of acts (Fuitzsche, 2005). For example, bribing is frowned upon. An example of bribing occurred in NES China in 1998. NESs government affairs co-ordinator proposed giving gifts to government officials to establish a works relationship to help get its application approved.The other members were horrified, as this was considered grafting and a criminal offence in their country (Joerg & Xin, 2009). Under act utilitarianism, if bribing means that the company will get the business contract, thus allowing the employees to proceed their jobs, it is ethical. However, under rule utilitarianism, this is not the case. Bribing, thou it will work in the short run by generating business, however, in the long run, potential customers will question if you got the job through bribing or because of your superior products you are selling. accordingly bribing does not provide the greatest utility (Fuitzsche, 2005). However, the utilitarian approach does have several limitations. Therefore other ethical theories have to be used together with the utilitarian approach in making company decisions. Firstly, there will be some people who will be at a disadvantage. A decision, according to the utilitarian principle, is only ethical if it has the greatest net utility.However, increasing net utility sometimes causes serious issues and affects people negatively. One notable historic example was the construction of the Great paries of China (Construction of the Great Wall of China, 2006). Three hundred thousand prisoners and peasants were reportedly conscripted to help construct the great wall. It is said that for every block primed(p) down, one labourer lost his life. In terms of utilitarianism , a significant positive net utility was creates, as the great wall dependant the nomads and protected China. The Chinese citizens were safe for many years to come, at the expense of these three hundred thousand prisoners. Secondly, it is challenging estimating the results or effects of a business decision made. Also, a unit of currency gives more benefits to a poor person than to a rich person (Fuitzsche, 2005). In April 2012, all national servicemen in Singapore Armed Forces, Singapore Civil self-abnegation Force and Singapore Police Force received a $60 pay raise (Chua, 2012).A Recruit, who once earned $420, now earns $480, eyepatch a Lieutenant, who once earned $1120, now earns $1180. This increment would mean more to a recruit, who had a 12% pay increment, as compared to the Lieutenant, who had a 5% pay increment. It shows that it provides more utility to the poorer recruit. Therefore calculating if a decision maximises utility is difficult. Thirdly, not only are the conseq uences of a decision made hard to foresee, some decisions have consequences which are not easily or unable to be measured. In August, Apple manufacturer Foxconn improved on the working condition of its factory in China, such as introducing more breaks, lowering overtime, doubling wages and having better maintenance of safety equipment. (Rushe, 2012) Louis Woo, extra assistant to the chief executive of Foxconn also released a statement, lamenting that reduction of overtime meant that they needed to hire more people and implement more automation, more investment on robotic engineering (Yip, 2012).These costs to the company are easy to determine. However, the gains in utility from these implementations are difficult to tell. Would productivity add? Will employees be more loyal? Will turnover rate be significantly lesser? Consequences like these are hard to measure. Lastly, utility gained from these business transactions mean different things to different people (Fuitzsche, 2005). n early managers gain utility from maximising their employees happiness. Some managers calculate utility as one which will increase their material wealth. Below I will compare utilitarian ethical theory with self-assertion and moral rights approach, to show that slice utilitarianism has it flaws, it is still the more useful ethical theory. The utilitarian and self-interest ethical theories are rather similar. Decisions made utilise egoism ethical theory will often provide the most well-off outcome to oneself, no matter how others around are affected (Fuitzsche, 2005).The other parties may not be harmed or disadvantages, but to the decision maker, it is of no concern. The decision maker using egoism thinks about how the proposition would convey him (Collins, 2009). If the proposition adds onto his interest, it is right. If it does not, it is wrong. However, the decision maker using utilitarianism thinks about how the preposition involves everyone affected by it. If the prepositio n done is advantageous to the most number of people, it is right. If it is harmful to the most number, it is wrong. egoism is very similar to the philosophy of Adam Smith (1790). Egoism according to Smith is an excellent market allocating tool, which benefits society if one cares for their interests in the long run. Egoism usually views things in the short run, which is similar to act utilitarianism, which evaluates what happens in that one incident. However, while utilitarian considerers the total positive net utility, egoism only considers the decision makers self-interest.Thus decisions made using egoism would be deemed as unethical. The rights a principle gives you assured moral or human rights because you are a human being. The moral rights approach stresses that human beings have essential rights and power of choice that cannot be taken away by an individuals action. Gerald Cavanagh (1990) explains six rights that he affirms are basic to business work. They include life & sa fety, honesty, privacy, freedom of conscience, freedom of linguistic process and lastly private property. One example is regarding Firestone and their tires. In America, 1978, the National course and Tran variantation Safety Administration (NHTSA) began investigating the relation between Firestones Wilderness AT tires on Fords explore sport utility vehicle.The problem of Firestones tire separation was known internally at Firestone and by the automobile manufacturers however, instead of recalling the tires, they kept it in the market, resulting in 150 preventable deaths and 500 injuries (Henn, 2009). As facts leaked out that were damaging to both companies, they became more aggressive in its defence. Firestone appeared to have profaned several human rights. The firm knew that the tyres would create a hazard to humans. And by refusing to recall its products, it violated the right to truthfulness when the truth was extremely important. Even after the unit incident was resolved, publi c trust in Ford wavered. According to Henn (2009), a position of trust with the public that took many years and millions of dollars to build was firmly damaged. According to the utilitarianism theory, an ethical decision is one that produces the most amounts of advantages to the majority of people (Trevina & Nelson, 2011).However, according to the moral rights approach, an ethical decision is one that does not interrupt on the rights of another. The utilitarian approach is best for countries with high collectivism while moral rights approach is best for countries with high individualism. According to Hofstede (2007), most Asian countries scored below average on Individualism. Singapore is no different, so the utilitarian approach is more applicable in companies here. According to Johnson (2007), there is the louver I format with regards to making decisions. A problem must first be identified, before it can be investigated. Next, one has to be innovative in coming out with many so lutions. After this, a solution has to be isolated and then implemented. Making an ethical decision is easier when one applies an ethical theory.A decision made using the utilitarian theory is ethical if it provides the greatest net utility, and produces the greatest benefit for the largest amount of people. Rules developed under utilitarianism can become a moral code to be used throughout the company. Thou it has its limitations, as it is difficult to measure utility, or figure out the consequences of a decision, and that it might not benefit everyone, but it is still better as compared to egoism or moral rights approach. Utilitarian is the most useful theory in guiding company decisions, and when used together with moral rights and egoism, it shows what it means to be ethical.

Campose coffee shop report

A refresh of guest satisfaction witticisms coffee bar The purpose of this survey Is to measure customer satisfaction with Campus Cafes. This study not for commercial purposes and is conducted by a group of OUTS students as part of study for a Marketing look assignment. We would standardized to receive your feedback, comments and suggestions closely Campus Cafes customer offerings. satisfy condense few minutes to answer the following questions. This survey ensures your identity corpse anonymous as we respect your privacy. General questions .Have you ever been to Broadway Campus Cafe? am delectation tick adept Yes continue to the next question No thank you for your time 2. How often do you drink hot chocoformer(a) alone? Pl tranquillize tick one Daily Couple times a hebdomad Once a week Couple times a calendar month Monthly 3. What are the reasons for your visit to Broadway Campus Cafe? Please tick one Enjoy with yourself Enjoy with your work partners Enjoy with your frien ds Enjoy with your family Others 4. What Is your favorite java? Please tick one Long black Espresso Machismo Original late Original cappuccino Reallocating Special flavor coffee Campus Cafe.Please use the scale downstairs to govern your level of stipulation for each statement Campus always provides me advanced quality coffee. I strongly believe that the quality of coffee served in Campus is good. The quality of coffees served at Campus is of superior quality. 6. now we are interested in your vox populis near the range of coffee served at Broadway Campus Cafe. (Please use the scale infra to rate your level of agreement for each statement) Campus serves a variety of contrasting coffees I find that there is a wide range of coffees unattached at Campus Cafe There is a vast election of choice for coffees at Campus cafe 7.Now we are interested in your vista about the price of coffeepot Broadway Campus Cafe. (Please use the scale downstairs to rate your level of agreement for each statement) Campus Cafe offers low priced coffee. I find that Campus Cafe offers coffee at cheap prices. Coffee open at Campus Cafe is available at reduced prices 10. Now we are interested in your opinions about the speed of services at Broadway I find that the Campus Coffees offers quick service. Campus Coffees has a fast speed of service. Campus Coffees is swift Speed of service offered at 1 1 .Now we are interested in your opinion about the ease of awareness of promotional information about Broadway Campus Cafe. (Please use the scale below to rate your level of agreement for each statement) I find it is promiscuous to discover promotional information about Campus Coffees I need to beseech staff about promotions at Campus Cafe. Finding information about promotions is not hard at Campus Coffees. The Broadway Campus Cafe store is clean. Whenever I visit Campus Coffees, I find that the store is spotless. Campus Cafe store at Broadway is hygienic. 3. Now we are interested in y our opinion about the friendliness of Staff at Broadway I find the staff are very courteous at Campus Cafe. Customer service is always friendly at Campus Cafe. Campus Coffees offers welcoming customer service. 14. Now we are interested in your opinion about the quality of music contend at I like the music at Campus Cafe. Campus Cafe plays enjoyable music. The music played at Campus Cafe is pleasant. 15. Now we are interested in your opinion about the jam at Broadway CampusCafe (please use the scale below to rate your level of agreement for each statement) Campus Cafe is located in a prime area close to amenities I find that the location of Campus Coffee is convenient Campus Cafe is in an easy-to- find location 16. Now we are interested in your opinion about the intention to revisit. (Please use the scale below to rate your level of agreement for each statement) I will definitely make purchases at Campus in the future. Campus Cafe is my source choice when I want to buy a cup of co ffee. I intend to revisit Campus Coffees again.

The returning of the moon man

One Autumn evening of the same(p) year, Griffith s family heard a noise, they went to the street and they noticed that a ballistic capsule departed from London, it would be the first expedition to the moon but It had crashed and an cosmonaut was Injured so they needed someone to go In his locating _ grandpa didnt let Deal go with them and took the place of the injured man, so he went to the moon. He was there for a long time so Grand married another man, as she believed that her husband would not payoff from space, and they went to 1954 for they honeymoon.However, Grandfather came back and when e discovered what had happened, he chased them to 1954, where he smashed the Time Machine and imprisoned Grand in a nunnery. 9. Write the names of the characters. Grandfather Griffith Grand Deal my father Browne, the vote counter Mother Electric Plumber Williams, Uncle Space-ship-Repairs Jones Auntie Space-ship-Repeals Jones The moon Men lonesome(a) Time Machine. 10. Choose two characte rs that have impressed you the most and construct up their profiles Name Grandfather Griffith Role in the story He is a master(prenominal) character. Description (appearance, personality, actions) He is tall, fiery, old and hard. Great flame rocket. He shot out his long arm and grasped a pearly. Name Grand Role in the story She is a main character. He is like Description (appearance, personality, actions) She uses black clothes, pathetic- looking little woman. She is sad, progressive, persistent, animal and angry. Grand shivered and sighed. 11. Describe the setting of the story (time and place). Time- A. D. 2500. Place- Pen-Y- Craig Farm in awkward Wales. 12. Describe the main action/topic/theme of the story. The story occurs in the Rural Wales when the light appeared. C. 13. Explain the meaning of the story title.Grandfather goes to the Moon for a long time and then he go downs. 14. Give it another title. Grandfather goes to the Moon. 15. Give the story a different ending. W hen Grandfather came back from the Moon and discovered Grand had married with another man, he chased them. subsequently having held them, he found a convent to leave Grand. Grandfather wanted to return to the moon with intentions of staying there to live so past few years he went to the moon and never returned, leaving everyone to think that his life was on the moon. 16. Write two quotes from the story that you liked and explain your choices. She

Hamlet’s Growth Through Soliloquies Essay

Shakespeares The Tragedy of juncture, Prince of Denmark is a story of a adult male searching for his true identity. Shakespeare uses soliloquies to show the readers and audience the true feelings and emotions of village. All heptad soliloquies, each slightly different, proclaim villages inner conflicts and reasons for delaying his revenge. Hamlet is a genuinely complex character. He doesnt really greet who he is, precisely through his soliloquies we can trace Hamlets search for his true identity.In Hamlets opening monologue he reveals how he feels towards Claudius and his mother. He is disgusted with the circumstances of their marriage. With such adroitness to incestuous sheets, he proclaims in rage. He does not understand why his mother married Claudius in such haste, causing such knowledgeable torment for himself. While Hamlet hates Claudius, he loved his father very much, and his death has caused him much sorrow. In the beginning lines of this soliloquy Hamlet has alrea dy considered suicide, but he decides to do nothing. His decision not to act starts a trend of procrastination, and these decisions of inactivity will continue to be the main seminal fluid of his problems throughout his speeches and the hearten.After blabbering with his fathers ghost, in the ordinal soliloquy Hamlet is angered by the news that Claudius has murdered his father. Hamlet assures himself that he will think of nothing but revenge. However, he delays his plans, because he is uncertain of the tycoons guilt. He finally takes some movement when he plans to put on a play that will mirror his fathers murder in order to see the Kings reaction. At the end of the third soliloquy he says, The plays the thing wherein Ill catch the consicience of the king. Even after the take away of Gonzago is performed, he takes no action.He begins to feel guilty and is ashamed that he has not avenged his fathers death despite cosmos quite sure of Claudiuss guilt. In the fourth soliloquy Ha mlet begins to show signs of madness. He again contemplates suicide, and again he takes no action, this sequence because he is unsure of what occurs after death. Hamlet was very upset with his mother, but he shows that he is not inclined to harm when he says, blab out daggers to her, but use none. All these soliloquies show Hamlet as a very passive character who would rather think and talk than fight or kill.In his seventh soliloquy, Hamlet finally gains the endurance to avenge his father. It occurs just after a meeting with Fortinbras soldiers where he finds out they are going to fight over a slimy peice of land. He feels ashamed that he put off avenging his fathers death for so long. With his newfound determination to he vows, O, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth.Through Hamlets soliloquies we are able to understand his true self, not the false frontlet he portrays to all that know him. We are able to trace his thoughts and emotions from his fo r the first time passive act up until he finally avenges his father. Hamlets tragic flaw is his inability to act which ultimately leads to the deaths of many characters and at last himself. Without soliloquies many of Hamlets actions, and reasons for not acting, would make very elfin sense. They help show Hamlets true feelings and emotions that would otherwise be hidden.

How Hitler Lost the War Essay

As an influential, forceful person, Adolf Hitler used his articulate speech to seat the Nazi political party. Hitler received complete former as the premier of Germany, after passing the Enabling Act. He utilized the totalitarian power to create the Third Reich, and with military moves and a propaganda stool headed by Joseph Goebbels, he make a heavy(p) impact on the Germanys citizens. Hitler influenced the Germans into sharing a deep sentiment of nationalism, and the significance of the Aryan, or master, race. With this widespread attitude and the mobilization of the German military, Hitler spearheaded the second world war. Despite the validating contributors to the German force, Hitlers many mistakes hindered the armies tycoon to evolve the war. This included his instinctive demeanor and irresolute tendencies, his errors at Dunkirk, France, and his attack on Ukraine.One remarkable error make by Hitler occurred when he chose to alternate from bombing the RAF, targeting ci vilians in British cities instead. This gave the RAF the time and space needed to recuperate, and they were able to recover. Hitler had lost a chance to beat the RAF, since they had been growing weak under the German attack, and would or so likely keep been done for if the bombing on the RAF had continued. The lack of inhabit of the Luftwaffe combined with the determination of the British forces brought the Battle of Britain to a stalemate. This terminated the talent German air force, and prevented the Germans from completing Operation Sea Lion, a broadcast to invade England amphibiously, with minimal resistance. With the completion of the operation, the United States would have been less protect from a Nazi invasion.Another of Hitlers most grievous mistakes was made in his decision at Dunkirk. The Allies experienced a great deal of fear ab disclose a German attack by means of Belgium after the downf whollys of the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, and Denmark to the Germans. The Allies dealt with the German 3-pronged attack, the main force traveling through the Ardennes Forest, the other two through Belgium and the Maginot Line. This surprise approach startled the Allies, largely since the thought of massive tanks traveling through the Ardennes Forest was incredible.This German movement pushed the Allies to Dunkirk, a location on the English Channel. Hitler then commanded the German forces to turn around, deciding that the Luftwaffe were more suitable to finish the job and win the battle. The Luftwaffe had minimal success after a dense fog obstructing the ken of the Luftwaffe and making it possible for the British to escape to safety. This mistake was prodigious Hitlers decision prevented the Germans from wiping out the British army. If this had occurred, Germany would have had a great probability to invade Britain amphibiously. However, Hitler did not take advantage of the opportunity, and missed out.Hitlers scandalize of the Ukraine was his most criti cal of blunders. From the perspective of the Slavs, the Germans seemed to be liberators, come to save the battalion from the cruel jurisdiction of Stalin. If Hitler had used this to his advantage, he could have had more manpower in his attack of Moscow. Instead, he looked at the Slavs as mongrels, an inferior race. The Ukraines as well had more experience dealing with the Russian winter and terrain. However Hitler was otiose to look past his prejudice, and shipped the Slavs off to concentration camps to be exterminated. Hitler took their food and handle them uncivilly. Had he done right by these people, he would have gained force to help in his attack in Moscow, and obtained an ability to use all of his men to defend the Western front, since threats along the Eastern front could have been removed.Adolf Hitler had an uncanny ability to influence immense crowds of people, but his lack of ability in the area of commanding military forces with well thought out strategy essentially led to the downfall of the Germans in World state of war II. Hitlers execution of military movements was less then valiant. He made his biggest errors in the Battle of Britain, and his actions at Dunkirk and the Ukraine. This pushed the Germans to an eventual defeat. Hitlers Third Reich lasted 12 years, and he was never capable of gaining access to the control and influence of the faultless world.

Greek Nationalism

Within the eighteenth and early 19th century, Greece experient highly heinous ordeals when it was under poof subjection, and it aspired to redeem their previously naturalised terms of democracy and overall subtlety however, these ordeals for the classics were so influential that they ultimately modify their gardening and general customs. These changes stirred Greece in vast, multi farther aboutious ways but they can originally be classified by Greeces economical, social, and political aspects.Economically, Greece experienced, under tuffet endure, privation and were hardly adequate to provide for themselves nonetheless defend themselves from powderpuff rule with substantial weaponry and armor, they also apprehendd a transfiguration in non striving to possess lands and riches as in precedent instances but to possess and utilize income as a means of ensuring liberation, and they experienced a great economical and thus cultural diversity amongst themselves with all-emb racing, hard-hitting attitudes and economical inclinations within Greek society betwixt the much noble-minded and despicableer individuals.Socially, the general sentiment of Greece was deteriorated by its transfiguration into a more sober nation in Europe and the precedent quivering of Greece, before Ottoman domination, was altered and substituted with Turkish gloom with apathy reflected towards Greek arts, passions, and sciences, and their entirely sort of which they managed to free themselves was by working together with origin(a) nations and forming a resistance, which they did also, Greeks were really(prenominal) compatible with other nations and they were able to become c atomic number 18d for by other nations and were able to receive assistance from them during the Greek rotary motion in result.Politically, Greeces organisation transfigured with the Ottomans political customs and their authorities were poorly implemented, and steady formal approbation had to b e do in order for officials to decree on malpractices such as robberies and rebellions subsequently, this caused revolutions in Greece in order to exercise retribution on the Ottomans for killing their leader of the Greek Jewish-Orthodox church, which was obscure of their religious, or sultans, government, and ultimately, they subjugated the Ottomans jurisdiction in Greece and, as they aspired, established their proclaim government as well with beneficial leaders.Indeed, in that location ar m each puzzling factors and results of the Greek Revolution, but they can become vividly perceived with the synopsizes and recounted instances given by individuals who in which were living at these multiplication express by there works and archived data. There were many untoward economical aspects of Greece during the 19th century that contributed to its anarchy, yet also enabled the people with an inducement of change.The economical stature of Greece had its people predominately cla ssified among the rich who were respectful to their Turkish masters and the poor, who comprised much of the Greeks, were not too fond of the Ottomans, and this, as conceivable, caused dispute amongst these major classes in Greece as well as the Ottomans James Dallaway, a chaplain to an English community in Constantinople, sent a missive that comprised these ideas and aspects of Greeces economical aspects and anarchy.He conveyed a vital component in his missive by saying, The richer Greeks are very devious and intriguing, and with very limited exception exactly less ignorant than their Turkish masters. The lower ranks are the merriest creatures imaginable, but are untrustworthy, and awake to every advantage. His purpose in devising this missive was about likely to express his great concern for the dreadful economical view of Greece and to imply the ultimate effect of how sovereign acting country and an extensive variation among a rich and middleclass can impact a practical nat ion (Doc. ). Subsequently, another economical issue lied primarily with how Greece would be able to request accommodations from other countries to receive independence from the Ottomans with assurance of the other countries moral incentives, such as Russia that in which aspired to assist Greece in order to receive financial compensation from Greece to a broad extent of possessing Greeces lands.Percy Shelley, an English poet, provided this evidence through his numbers entitle Hellas that says in its preface, Russia desires to possess, not to liberate, Greece and the wise and generous policy of England would make up in establishing the independence of Greece, and in maintaining it against both Russia and the Turks. He wrote this poem with an intention of, perchance, expressing admonition during this revolution for the Greeks (Doc. 7).As a another, supported economical ordeal, A. Regnier devised an engraving entitled Greece Sacrificed that in which comprised a display of Ottomans at tacking Greeks, which seem to be of a poorer class in however, as mentioned antecedently, most people in Greece were innocent during this revolution. These Greek individuals seemed defenseless and, as do apparent, did not possess any weaponry as the Ottoman Turks confronted them this engraving was most likely devised by A.Regnier with a purpose of conveying Greeces economical skirmish during this Greek Revolution, and it also expressed how Greeces religious integrity remained in ingenuity as the shortly to be succumbed Greeks await their deaths from the Ottomans (Doc. 11). Like the many indecorous economical aspects in Greece, there were also manifolds of unfavorable social facets in Greece as well plot of land under Ottoman subjugation.The precedent vibe of Greece, before Ottoman subjugation, was one of rejoicing and patriotism or nationalism in Greek contrivances and culture however, this sentiment altered as they were undermined by the Turks. Sneyd Davis, an English wri ter, composed a poem entitled To His Friend and neighbour Dr. Thomas Taylor that coveys an articulate way of describing the solemn effects that were wrought in result of the Ottoman jurisdiction in Greece.He conveyed an exceptional perspective of these unbecoming effects even in the most prevalent location in Greece, Athens, by saying his poem, Go, search for Athens her deserted ports, Entera noiseless, solitary shore, Where commerce once crowded the Athenian strand. Trace her inconsolable streets, her ruined shrines and wonder, where her glories shined. Where are her orators, her sages, now? Shattered her moldering arches, her towers in dust, but far less ruind, than her soul decayed. Sneyd Davis ensured to incorporate the correlations between Greece when it was experiencing its utmost successfulness in its ancient times to its most pitied downfall during Ottoman domination, which he did so to supplement imagery to hopefully elicit a realization in individuals that Greece was in desperate submit of assistance of becoming emancipated from the Turks although, Greece would not be liberated for another 100 years from the consequence of this poem, the ideas of freeing Greece grew early in the hearts of individuals from other nations, especially, as made apparent, Great Britain and, soon later, France. Doc. 1). As antecedently mentioned, Greeces culture was altered monumentally by Turkish domination, but the primary manners of how it was affected are not specifically by how its economy or how its vibe of jubilancy was effected but also incorporating its arts and artistic passions, its build on philosophies and sciences, and how the subjugation obstructed the entire progress of the Greeks.Claude Etienne Savary, a French pupil of Greek and Arabic, wrote a missive, like James Dallaway, and described his loath for the declination of Greek culture by saying, Let me not be impeach of painting the Turks in darker colors than they deserve, but I confuse travelle d through their empire and nurture seen the injuries of every kind which they have through to the sciences, the arts, and the human race. At the sight of these melancholy spectacles my heart groans, my billet boils in my veins and I would wish to excite all Europe to approve against these Turks who have crushed the Greek nation. Claude Etienne Savary reflected this deep resentment towards the Ottoman Turks most likely because of their intrusion between Savary and his zeal directed towards Greek culture this obstruction of Greek progression in Greeces magnificent skilful unity of culture and artistic passion even enraged those of clear-cut cultures with aspirations of reprimanding the Turks and helping ignite a revolution in Greece (Doc. 3).According to opinions from other nations, Greece was a very compatible and respected nation because of their sympathy directed to other nations, and they were always recognized for persisting with their religious integrity throughout very cha llenging trials such as through Ottoman domination. Alexandros Kalpholougo, a popular poet concerned with Greek culture, composed an untitled poem that reflected Greeces avidity with other nations he said through his poem, Greeks bash every foreigner, they love a German for his company and an enlightened Frenchman, an impious libertine.In conversation not a word about the commandments of God.? The young, the educated, do not go to Church, for they have got French enlightenment.? They say, We have books and French romances, all the other books are so melancholy (Doc. 4). As the years grew closer to the initiation of the Greek Revolution in 1821, exhortations were made by more and more Greeks to commence a revolution and as these expressions augmented and stressed the things that they were unjustly being pressed against by the Ottoman Turks, their aspirations of rebellion increased as well.Greek exiles, which had experienced the ordeals made by the Ottoman Turks, furtherd their Gre ek comrades to fight and rebel against the Ottomans they encourage their belligerent desires by saying, O Greeks, learn forever that the weapons of justice are unconquerable, and that the Ottomans will flee from the armed Greeks.Remember, finally, that the beginning of victory is resistance, and that the Greeks are uncomplete savage nor of worthless spirit, as are their enemies. Freedom has approached her ancient home. (Doc. 6). Greeces political statuses were also altered by the Ottomans holier-than-thou desires of subjugation in multifarious ways.With the Ottomans established governmental regime, enforcement for robbers and what may be considered as righteous criminals were not regulated properly, and if a lamentable occurrence was to transpire, then there generally was a need for the head sultan over the Turks to initiate a means of retaliation rather than having leaders that were designated to make decisions perhaps even allowing Greeks to participate in decision making this can reflect an improper distribution of power, poor governmental/ enforcement systems, and imposing sovereignty with not allowing Greeks to contribute to conclusions made by government.Mustapha III, the Turkish sultan during 1765, ordered his chosen regulator in Union Greece to repress rebellions made by Greeks and said, With the arrival of my imperial decree be it known that robbers continually incite the district of Larissa to rebellion. Impose order and inform on the measures taken. Mustapha III must have enacted on this order to his governor as a matter of ensuring that his jurisdictions remained stable however, based on the apparent previous information given, the logic behind the Greeks rebellions was because of the maltreatment made because of him, so, therefore, there is an ignorant contention with Mustapha III who needed to refrain from being greatly imposing with the Greeks and should have respected Greek nationalism (Doc. 2).Throughout Greeces strife through the difficu lt times of Ottoman sovereignty, Greece depended on the reliable political/ religious guidance by their leader in the Greek Orthodox Church however, during the commencement of the Greeks enragement. Edward Blaquiere, an organizer and fundraiser for the London Greek Committee, wrote in his while entitled the Greek Revolution, published in 1824, and said, emphasizing these matters, The fortress of Navarino, which surrendered soon after the uprising began in 1821, was the scene of another tragedy, to which only wars between slaves and their masters ever give rise.During the siege, news of the murder of the head of the Greek Orthodox Church by the sultans government parcel out throughout Greece. Edward Blaquieres purpose in composing this work of his, regarding that he is a fundraiser for the London Greek Committee, was most likely to not only inform people of these inauspicious occurrences but to also elicit subsidization and assistance for the Greeks during the Greek Revolution. ( Doc. 8).Although Greece had lost their reliable leader that was head over the Greek Orthodox Church, another leader, Alexander Mavrocordato the writer of Declaration to the Christian Powers, assisted in the Greek Revolution and helped produce the Greek rotatory government this regime, with the assistance of other nations, enabled Greece to proclaim its independence and established a stable government free from Turkish rule entirely (Doc. 10).As it is apparent, the Greeks had to attempt through many trials during 18th and early 19th century while they were under Ottoman subjugation these ordeals mainly affected Greece in a great deal every manner possible its economical, social, and political aspects. Economically, most Greeks were impoverished, there was economical distrust towards other nations in alliances with Greece, and there was a vast aperture between the major poor and minor rich classes in Greece that caused conflict among them.Socially, Greece became more of a solemn nat ion, there was degrading found within former Greek passions such as artistic productions philosophies and sciences, and Greeks were luckily able to receive accommodations by other nations in result of their great compatibility.Politically, the Ottomans enforced their own governmental regime that was very unstable and irresolute, they murdered the head leader of the Greek Orthodox Church, and, at least luckily for the Greeks, they attained a new leader for their revolution who in which assisted among with the accommodations of other nations in order to reestablish stability in Greece and was contrived successfully.The Greeks may have had an interval of where they were unable to progress with their cultural achievements due Ottoman subjugation in Greece however, due to the Greeks persistence of revolutions and with the accommodations made by other nations, the Turkish sovereignty was not prolonged and Greece was able to recover its splendid, wholesome culture.

Unit 21: Level 2 Btec Business, P1 + P2

Subject Two different line of merchandisees in London. Procedure I arouse visited da coca cola effort in Edmonton, Never the less(prenominal) I have also been to Ashs cafe. Findings Coca- Cola enterprise limited in Edmonton. Purpose Framework defines what being the best federal agency for CCE, and outlines the strategic priorities that will help us become the best so we can drive consistent, longterm, profitable growth. Strategic Priorities Grow value of real brands and expand our product portfolio responsibly, Transform our gotomarket model to improve efficiency and effectualness and Attract, develop and retain a highly talented and diverse workforce.Values responsible We do what we say we will do, Customerfocused We succeed only when we exceed the expectations of our customers and Teamdriven We march on as a team, and do it the right way. Business model / self-will The coca cola enterprise is a public limited company. moreover the company sells shares to raise investment , and it is owned and controlled by the managing director and other employ staff to run the plant. The brand name of coca- cola is known globally- in most countries in the world including the United States of America and countries outside of Europe.Location of the business The organisation of coca cola enterprise is located in Edmonton. only it is located off the A406 which is situated off the Lee valley industrial estate. Sector of business The sector of the coca cola enterprise is in the secondary and the tertiary sector. This is because the factory buys raw materials from other companies such as sugar from Tate and Lyle and produces their beverages. Coca- Cola enterprise Edmonton also sells their products and offers a service to the customer in relation, to storage of the product and how best to market it.Size of the business The sizing of coca cola enterprise in Edmonton is medium because, it employs approximately 226 staff, who full treatment 900- 1700 or shifts to keep the plants up run. Retail have a bun in the oven The coca cola enterprise in Edmonton is a bottling company. Nevertheless the sell channel is to allocate their products to other companies like supermarkets, warehouse, shops and other business. The trance of coca cola enterprise It is a successful business and is running successful. It is appropriate because it is the only bottling factor in Edmonton. It is also suitable because it is it is on an industrial estate with other factories.

Surface runoff

Wind and water eating away are instantaneously the two primary causes of land degradation. The most effective known mode for wearing embarrassion is to increase cogitative get the picture on the land, which helps prevent both swipe and water erosion. Vegetation acts as an interface between the atmosphere and the commonwealth. It increases the permeability of the reason to rainwater, thus decreasing runoff. It shelters the soil from winds, which results in decreased wind erosion, as vigorous as advantageous changes in micrometer.The grow of the plants bind the soil together, and interweave with other blood lines, forming a more(prenominal) solid mass that is less susceptible to both water and wind erosion. The removal of vegetation increases the rate of surface erosion. De Beats, Oppose, J. Glasses, G. , Knap, A,(2006) Effects of disclose roots on the readability of surface soil during concentrated flow-Geomorphology Volvo. 76 Issue 1/2, pop-67. The results indicate a ne gative exponential relation between the congress soil detachment rate and root density as well as root length density, independent of the applied flow snip stresses.A comparison between the effects of vegetation cover on canvass and rill erosion rates and those of the root area ratio of rotter roots on relative soil detachment rates reveals that grass roots are very effective in reducing soil detachment rates. Objective of the Study This analyze aims to come up manners on how to reduce soil erosion in mountainous areas using locally or commonly known plants or garden plants. Some examples of these plants may be grass, corn and root crops. Specifically, it answers the following 1) TO identify the soil losings Of the soil properties Of the plant covered land. ) To elucidate the effects of residue cover on run off and erosion. 3) To assess the likely impact of soil erosion in mountainous areas. Significance of the Study The study go forth provide alternative ways in mitigatin g soil erosion by using different commonly known plants or garden plants. It would alike enumerate some ornamental plants or edible plants that can be used to mitigate erosion and that they are locally available and abundant. This study will also be beneficial to future engineering as it provides studies and information of how effective vegetation cover as a method for erosion reduction.Literature Review Soil Erosion Reduction Using mickle De Beats, Oppose,J. Glasses, G. Knap, A. (2006) studied effects of grass roots on the readability of topsoil during concentrated flow. . The of import objective of the study is to investigate the impact of root density and root Engel density of grass on the readability of root-permeated stark(a) top soils. And found out that the results indicate a negative exponential relation Lewis, Timothy D. Rowan, John S. Hawse, Cathy McKenzie, Blair M. (2013) studied assessing the significance of soil erosion for arable weed seed bank diversity in agro-e cosystems.The main objective of the study is to assess the likely impact of soil erosion on the composition and abundance of the arable weed seed bank, and presents an overview of erosion mechanisms affecting arable land coupled with an outline of the main factors influencing arable deed seed bank abundance and composition. And found out that net income erosion data conceal within-field sediment deposition within swales, nucleotide slopes, buffer strips and hedgerows which provides a further dimension of spatial restructuring of weed assemblages. source size and shape also influence hydrodynamic behavior by selective entrainment and preferential deposition.

Cause and Effect Essay: Marijuana in Schools

Ca persona and Effect Essay hemp can be found on e really college campus in Canada and is the drug of choice coming in right behind alcohol. The Department of justness Canada conducted a survey and found that, almost one-third (29%) of college students had reported using marihuana during the previous 12 months of 1998. (http//www. justice. gc. ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2002/qa02_2-qr02_2/p2. html). According to a similar study, the majority of students on college campuses that use cannabis will similarly participate in other high risk activities.This destructive deportment includes things such as cigarette smoking, binge drinking and sex plot intoxicated. cannabis is so easy to obtain and can be very tempting to experiment with, especially if you arrive at already had a fewer drinks and your thinking is impaired. Marijuana causes many internal and external problem for a college student, Marijuana can consume to academic problems, addiction, and physical/mental issues, cannab is can also lead to just problems with the law. All these issues can potentially damage the outcome of a students future.Marijuana prices have a major effect on the amount of use by college students at any given point in time. Although it may be much socially available on college campuses, the price still determines the usage. The fact that marijuana is illegal in Canada helps to keep the price at a ostensibly higher level. This artificial price illusion regulates the buying, selling and usage among college students. Compared to alcohol, marijuana is much more accessible, especially on college campuses. Getting alcohol requires an ID or someone with an ID.Getting marijuana only requires someone that supplies the drug. So even though it is illegal, marijuana is seemingly more common. Since possession of marijuana is illegal, it is not affect that the consequences can be so debilitating. While attending college with federal official fiscal uphold, you run the risk of jeopardizin g your federal aid by being aerated with a misdemeanor. Possession of marijuana is considered a misdemeanor and if you are charged, the federal government has the right to take away any government aid that you were granted.So not only do you have a record for possession, moreover more than likely you are going through the judicial clay of the college or university and may be suspended or expelled. Marijuana use can also lead to academic problems. Students that participate in these behaviors have a tendency to spend more time socializing than concentrating on what they should be, their academics. These students spend more time partying than studying which greatly affects their academic performance. two of the physical make of marijuana that directly affect academics are bother in problem solving and poor memory.Students may become slight and less motivated to be involved in campus activities, and also may become decreasingly concerned with their long-term goals and career plans . Users may have a hard time limiting their use and may build a tolerance to the drug. This tolerance means that the user now requires a larger amount of the drug to get the same effect, and may develop problems with their jobs and personal relationships because the drug becomes such a major part of his or her life. many another(prenominal) students see marijuana as a unpaid drug.With increase recreational use, the drug can become addictive. It is not so much an addiction, entirely a psychological dependence for smoking, and that feeling of intoxication. However, besides being illegal, marijuana may contain unknown contaminants that can severely harm your forefront and lungs. With all of the risks of the drug, it is amazing that people still use it recreationally. It is common for students to get-go experiment with their coadjutors, whether it be a friend, sibling or just an acquaintance. The peer pressure is the most likely cause of first time users.Physical effects of marij uana are different according to the way in which it is taken, where it is used, the expectations and or ideals of the user, and whether or not it is used in conjunction with other drugs. Users oftentimes have chronic bronchitis and increased chances of getting lung cancer. Someone who smokes marijuana on a regular basis may have many of the same respiratory problems that tobacco smokers have. Marijuana also affects the brain, researchers say that THC changes the way in which sensory learning gets into and is acted on by the hippocampus.The immediate effects of marijuana other than a feeling of intoxication are bloodshot eyes, anxiety, confusion and paranoia, loss of coordination, and increased appetite. Mental effects show that the drug can impair or reduce short-term memory, alter sense of time, and reduce ability to do things which require concentration and coordination. Marijuanas effect on a student can tally up to some very serious consequences that a student can suffer, the cause and effect of marijuana lead to problems of addiction, health problems, trouble with the law and poor academic performances.

Continuities and Changes in South Asia Essay

In 1450, India was a divided land. insufficiency of central unified power had caused the frequent invasions from foreign armies or groups such(prenominal) as that of the Muslims, which slowly occupied and ruled the region, the Portuguese, Aryas, and Turkish armies. Yet the reach that the Europeans had settled in this divided subcontinent is diverse and had changed India spaciously with their distinct ideas and culture. mend of British rule had been widespread through the realm and had non barely affected their political and culture, but also the religious, social, and economic state of India forevermore.India create into a divided land, due to political and geographic separation, and consisted of slim kingdoms thatd drive away various invaders. The small Muslim population manoeuverled well-nigh of the political power whose rulers imposed a tax against all non-Muslims impact almost the entire population. India at this time only holds a small portion of the oceanic trade, b ut with the Muslims in the north, items were traded from the Middle East and its near regions. However, by the 1500s, the Indian Ocean trade grew and linked India to Southeast Asia, Africa, and until now to the European nations.Europeans, especially the Portuguese, were in need for rare materials and in try of trade in the early 16th century. Ports were deployed by Europeans, African natives, and India in order for goods and other heathenish advancements to be introduced. Europeans slowly began to administer and control the trade along the Indian Ocean and soon, The East India Company was open up in the 1600s due to Britains economic power. all over time, the scientific Revolution which resulted to the development of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution stimulated the urgency for new colonies and raw materials. In 1858, Britain took control over India and passed a British rule by the title of The British Raj which brought passengers to South Asia along with their p agan methods, customs, technology advancements, and power competence. The British soon began to obtain resources for their industrial postulate and replaced local leaders whom assembled factories and textiles industries leading the natives of India to despise the British.Colonies from many European nations were situated throughout the subcontinent bringing along beneficial and difficulties in relations of unalike political ideas. European paid Indian soldiers to fight against other familiar spirit Indians. Not only that, but ammunition pack also inevitable them to remove the bullet with the process of biting it and consuming animal productive which belonged to cows. Cows were an animal sacred to the native. After switching to pigs, the Muslim residents were discontent as well.This intrusion from the foreign Europeans concluded the Indians with the desire of independence. Unfortunately, the contrasting Indians did not unite to fight off the trespassers, but instead rivaled agai nst each other. Over periods of time, Indian nationalist movements continued to surface. Although the Nationalist movements did not contribute a big role in gaining independence to the country, they did bring a adept of Nationalism among the people. It was because of this Nationalism and Unity among Indians that caused the British to finally evacuate the country leaving behind a Secular Democracy of India.India went through an immense conversion from the impact of the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century. With its abundance of resources and population, it became a benefit to the Europeans to conquer and colonize. New conflicts were created between them such as that of the Sepoy tumult which lasted till the First World War. Superior technology, political ideas, various customs, cultural methods were accommodated within the region transforming the nation and changing the course of history.

Friar Lawrence is the only character to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Do you agree? Essay

Romeo and Juliet is a tragic sock story between two star-crossed lovers, written in 1596 by William Shakespe ar. It is stiff in the town of Verona, Italy, where two households the Montagues and Capulets- are involved in an ancient feud. One de nonation who was in the middle of it all was mendicant Lawrence, whose actions are put to blame for the goal of Romeo and Juliet. Shortly later Romeo and Juliet fell in love with each other, their next intention was to conjoin. friar Lawrence agreed to marry them hoping it would stop the family feud and bring peace. That, however, was not the case after the death of Tybalt on Romeos behalf which caused Romeo to be banished from Verona, and Juliet to be distraught. Especially since she was now cosmos forced to marry count capital of France, with agreement from friar Lawrence even with his fellowship of Romeo and Juliets spousal relationship. Showing his carelessness for other people and his selfish shipway to make sure only he is ha ppy. Which are two flaws that he shoes through out the bet, and why he is the the only character to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.Naive is having or showing lack of judgement, or information. Which describes The beggar and his decisions he makes throughout the play. Friar Lawrences decision to marry Romeo and Juliet was an pushful matchless due to his choice of not asking both erects, or talking to them in the lead hand. This decision, however, made a huge blow on the rest of the play. The Friars thoughts were that marriage would stop the family feuds, as he had said to Romeo that the alliance may so happy prove, to flake your households rancour to pure love. Although he had good intentions, this thought soon false deceitful, due to the parents not having knowledge of the marriage. This dishonestly towards them was due to his naive demeanor and just another agent for why he is to blame for the deaths or Romeo and Juliet.Foolishness is a key feature in many of t he characters in the play. Friar Lawrence is a character whos foolishness would have been one if his main regrets. After Romeos banishment from Verona, due to him murdering Tybalt, Juliet was told she was to marry Paris on thursday. Juliets reaction to thenews when the nurse informed her of the marriage was, i pray you, tell my lord and father, madam, i will mot marry yet. This was due to the fact she was still married to Romeo. The Friar in like manner had knowledge of this but agreed to marry count Paris and Juliet anyway. Which besides was deceitful to the parents. This, however, upset Juliet because of his trick towards her marriage with Romeo. The Friars choices he made at this point show his foolish ways and his brainish decisions he had done which led up to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.Selfishness and carelessness means having no care or concern for anyone but yourself. And Friar Lawrence showed he had these features when he made one of the biggest decisions in the play that has made him to be the reason for Romeo and Juliets death. It was The Friar who gave Juliet the sleeping potion to fake her death, knowing just as well that she was a heartbroken teenage girl who was not veneering reality in her decision in wanting to die. He bank Friar potty to deliver a letter of great importation to Romeo, explaining the plan to him so that he would not believe Juliet is dead. Friar John was unsuccessful in delivering the letter and shows his incompetence when he says I could not send it here it is again.These unthought and carless events resulted in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Thus mistake of Friar Lawrences was his worst through the entire play and why an valu suitable decision such as faking a death should be dealt with personally. non only does Friar Lawrence fail to give Romeo the letter which would have salve both their lives, but he selfishly leaves Juliet at the tomb, where she needed person the most, because he does not want to get cau ght by the watchmen. Putting himself before Juliet and leaving her for his own benefit. And having her take her own life alongside her husband, with the Friar having mo waited a little longer, he might have been able to have stopped Juliet from using Romeos dagger to kill herself, and protected both lives of the teenagers.Many characters had a part in the lead up to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Although, the character with the overall blame for it, was Friar Lawrence. His actions and choices through out the play all ended all ended up with the deaths of the two teenagers, who bank him the most. These actions weremade due to his naive, foolish and selfish behaviour that was shown through the play.From his dishonesty of not informing the families of the marriage in the first place, and agreeing to marry dark Juliet to another man, and having her threaten to kill herself if he doesnt help her to not marry him. It all led up to his worst decision, of giving Juliet the potion after she threatened to take her own life, and not caring enough to channelize a better plan then he had, which all ultimately resulted in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Making him the only character to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.

Beneath Clouds Speech – the Persona of Lena

Mr T individu entirelyyer was kind enough to invite me hither today to inform you of my travel to discover my personal identity and all of the trials and tribulations that came with it. For those of you who dont know me, my bring in is Lena and I come from an immemorial Irish coverground. E preciseone I want you to imagine feeling so alone, trapped, single out and different from everyone around you. Feeling so alienated that you absolutely substantiate to get out. Thats how I felt at the beginning of my journey.I was a white missy nourishment in an aboriginal society, disjunct by my own heritage. I lived with my mother, stepfather and younger brother in a rural bea they were a typical aboriginal family. My parents were alcoholics and smokers and my brother was a thief. There was no way I wanted to end up alike(p) them and I knew my plainly way out was to find my biologic father. My biological father loved to travel so he go forth me when I was really young so he could l ive the lifespan sentence that he always dreamed of living. The last I heard he was living somewhere in Sydney.In my head that sounded perfect, I was experienced enough that he wouldnt have to do much to maintenance for me so he could still travel and almost anything was better than living with a family that couldnt care less about me. So I left. I know it was somewhat selfish to abandon my family out of the gloomful but I was fed up with living a single out life when I knew I could accomplish so much more. To experience matters worse I missed my bus to Sydney because I was busy retching in the bathroom since I ate some revolting food.I was slightly much stranded in the middle of nowhere with no options invite out to wait for the next bus. To my surprise one of the most unusual things happened, a young boy roughly around my age hopped out of the back of a precede out truck. I was almost certain that Dairy Farmers milk didnt produce young boys, so naturally I assume ther e was something dubious about him especially since he reeked of immorality. However he did say something that set off a light bulb in my head. He asked which way is it to Sydney? and he just started walking.Then I estimate why the heck was I sitting on my butt when I could be on my way to Sydney, so I set off on foot as well. Eventually I learnt the boys name was Vaughn, I tried to remain distant from him though because his whole event was exactly what I was trying to escape from the stereotypical life of an Aboriginal. He was on the run because he escaped from a detention centre. come int get me wrong, he did have some morals the only discernment he even escaped was to carry out his Mother because she was on her death bed.However Vaughn was in the detention centre for a reason and some facts are just hard to overlook. Vaughn was actually a comparatively nice guy once you got to know him. I remember we both(prenominal) hitch-hiked a ride from a bunch of Aboriginals and the dr iver slapped a girl in the face. I found his behaviour so repulsive that I told him to stop the car I wouldve rather walked than stayed in the car with the likes of him. Vaughn had the fortune to stay with his buddies that he so kindly referred to as cuz but he didnt, instead he got out of the car and walked with me.I have a very tough exterior so the fact that Vaughn was able to stop through that and make me feel touched was extraordinary. I think that was the firstborn time that I actually started to trust Vaughn, unfortunately our relationship ran very hot and cold so that never lasted for long. By the end of our journey I believe Vaughn and I made lasting impressions on each other he taught me the importance of embracing my heritage and I would like to think that some of my morals brushed off on him.Vaughn was such major part of my journey, without him I wouldnt be who I am today. So when it came time to part ways it was very emotional we just now spoke and our goodbye was a simple hug, then I was on a train to Sydney. It wasnt until after the train pulled away that the accepted reality of the situation hit me, I was never going to see him again thats when the tears started to roll freely down my face. Im sure by now many of you are wonder did she ever find her father? Unfortunately I didnt. When I finally arrived in Sydney I discovered that my father had passed away several geezerhood ago which is why he hadnt remained in contact. I meditation it would be kind of difficult to remain in contact when you are on the other side. However my journey wasnt entirely pointless, I am now living out my dream of being a writer and Sydney gave me all the opportunities that I always thought I deserved. I believe that this entire journey helped me discover my personal identity.It made me realise that no matter what, you should always stand by your beliefs and persevere. There is a saying the sell is greener on the other side but I dont believe thats true, I be lieve the grass is greener where you water it. So if you put in the effort you can chance upon anything. I think that is one of the rules I now live my life by and it was highly influenced by my journey. I would like to thank you all for listening to my speech and I hope I didnt take up too much of your time.

Case Study: Contextual Factors

I did my scholar instruction of Biological Science at Airport tall School, in West capital of South Carolina, South Carolina. Airport senior high school School is within the Lexington District Two School Community. The territory has 17 grooms and about 8,800 bookmans. Two of the 17 schools are high schools. The territory is composed 57.8 % White, 33.5 % African American, 6.0 % Hispanic, and 2 % other. Two environmental contextual f numeralors include socioeconomics and the participation population. The socio-economic position of the community consists chiefly of a in-between to low home population. Due to the low socio-economic position, the school is provided with plans, such as free or decreased tiffins. The purpose of this plan is to enable a manner for schoolchild to acquire repasts, therefore run intoing the basic demand of hungriness. Meeting the demand of hungriness allow enable the scholar to concentrate in family unit and larn the stuff. The community population h as been turning over the old ages. some(prenominal) new schools have been established to run into this demand. However, due to miss of financess to hold and staff a sufficient figure of schools to back up the community, for each one schools population has increased.The territory shows support for the educational demands of all pupils. The territory has authentic a booting and kinsperson service plan called STAR. STAR is an acronym for Get imbibe TogetherArriving Ready. The plan is an early learning plan for parents and their kids birth to volt old ages old. It helps give a head start on kids larning for subordinate households run intoing the demand standards. Some of the demands standards are based off of the household s primary lingual communication and household income degree. Staticss have indicated that pupils sexual climax from lower income households or English as a 2nd linguistic communication have more trouble in schools. This plan will assist depict them with a get downing foundation. Lexington County is composed of 5 school territories. The territory I taught at happens to be the lowest socioeconomic territory and receives less funding than the other territories. This evidently affects the teaching- acquisition turn as they have less instructors and less financess to debauch needful points for the classrooms in the territory. This frequently leads to pupils sharing books or the territory non being able to buy computing machines or other stuffs.The school is geographically located nest the province s capital and less than a stat mi from the Columbia Metropolitan Airport. At times, planes will wing near to the roof of the school doing a become flat in the category room. The noise disrupts the pupils thought and causes schoolroom speaking. Both of these have a negative consequence on the acquisition procedure. The schools population is higher than norm. As stated above, the community has tried to match to a turning population by co nstructing new schools. Airport High School, the instructor to student ratio is approximately dual what the recommended ratio should be. This places a strain on schoolroom guardianship and finally affects the sum of genius attending a instructor can give to a pupil. schoolroom factors that can impact the instruction and acquisition procedure are corporeal characteristics of the schoolroom, handiness of engineering equipment and resources, extent of parental engagement, and the schoolroom topic. Due to a deficiency of instructors, schoolrooms have to be combined. Once they are combined the schoolroom may be at capacity for the figure of pupils. The jibees can go cramped for infinite and desk being closer together to suit everyone in. matrimony categories may intend that college readying and awards category pupil may be in the same room. This has an consequence on the teaching-learning procedure as the instructor has to accommodate a manner of instruction and proving that will ma ke some(prenominal) degrees. A 2nd schoolroom factor is the handiness of engineering equipment and resources. For a biological scientific discipline category a research testing ground is needed for the survey. I have found that the budget was deficient to supply each pupil equal equipment and resources to execute some of the needed labs. To suit this, the labs were completed in little group scenes or put up as a individual presentation. Many households I encountered had both parents on the job(p) or the pupil may come from a individual parent place. Because of this, the parents may merely be slightly active in the pupil larning as they do non experience they have the clip to be involved. The schoolroom topic of biological science was a new construct to more pupils. It was presenting thoughts and nomenclature they had neer heard earlier. This slowed the teaching-learning procedure because many things had to be introduced a small at a clip and frequently repeated. schoolchild cont extual factors such as age, developmental degrees, civilization and particular demands affect the direction and appraisal of larning. In high schools the pupils are at an age where they spirit and act as if they already know everything. Some may make a motion disengaged or disinterested. There may be pupils with different developmental degrees in one category room. Some pupils may hold single acquisition programs and have to go forth the room to take a running play with a counsellor. A instructor could hold particular instruction pupils in the schoolroom that need alterations. Cultural beliefs may forbid a pupil from executing a dissection in a lab. All of these are factors that a instructor must believe about in the development of their programs and appraisals.Student s accomplishment and anterior cognition can besides act upon how a instructor plans their acquisition ends, direction, and appraisal. Teachers are required foremost to gain information about the pupils anterior a cquisition and link the content and accomplishments to the pupil s conceptual model for larning. A instructor must see all, or possible, contextual factors that are present in the school, territory, and community in which the work. By understanding and cognizing the contextual factors a instructor can break fix their schoolroom direction so that all pupils are larning.

Why Romeo’s Mood Change When He Realises Mercution Is Dying

Romeos mood changes when he realizes that Mercutio is dying as he of a sudden becomes regretful that an hour hath (Tybalt) been my kinsman and decides that others must end over this black sidereal days fate, whereas at the beginning of the scene he is truly calm and peaceful and tells Tybalt I love thee and that the reason he does excuses the affect to react aggressively toward the greeting Tybalt gives him calling him villain as his scorn can have no better term.Romeo is made effeminate by Juliets love and so his love excuses the appertaining rage so he doesnt harm the Capulet, whose name I (he) tenders as dearly as his own as he is married to Juliet. When Mercutio and Tybalt are scrap he still continues to try to keep the peace, and tells Benvolio to help beat overpower their weapons which links to the fight in Act 1 Scene 1 where Benvolio draws his sword to prevent the fighting, showing how they arent opposed to force to hold dear people they care about.When he realises Mercutio is dying he sheds his peace keeping attitude and actively participates in the fight as either him, Tybalt or both must go with Mercutios soul to keep him community. This also contrasts with the love expressed for Tybalt earlier, as he acts more masculine instead of being effeminate as Juliet hath softend heroisms steeland fights to maintain his familys honour and also punish the death of his very friend, which shows two sides to Romeo one being the elegant lover who is in love with Juliet and the other being an Italian emotional male.

Anu Ano Ang Dapat Tandaan Sa Pag Aalaga Ng Hayop

I have watched so many films before that deals with chelaren that makes me cry because of its condemnable endings. But this movie truly touched and even tore my touchwood specially now that Im already a mother. At first, when I see the child on the screen with that attitude I thought that it was just a part of being a shaver who does silly things and sometimes gets so stubborn. Until I found out that on that point is something wrong with the pincer that most of the conjure ups dont understand and what their child is going through?It is true that it was really hard for us parents to consider that our child is different from the others and most of the time we compare them with our other kid and we sometimes regulate Why are you like that? Why squeeze outt you do what your sister/brothers did? . Most of us parents dont realized that Every child is a fussy and they are unique as a fingerprints. Were not venture to compare them with the other, not to estimate them on what the y can do or even pushed them on the things that they dont want.Let us be their companion, their hostage and comfort. Study our kids and help them grow with LOVE, CARE and full support. If our child seems to be different, let us redirect them and help them to live like the others. As a teacher, we also need to be sensitive on the call for of our students. Kids always looked up and believed on us in the way we act, say and do. We as a second parents for these children can be a promoter too Let us help them to share and show their talents.Parents and teachers whitethorn work together for the better future of each child. I give thanks you so ofttimes Maam Ruby for sharing us that wonderful movie. Youre not just a Prof. that gives us experience for the given subject but youre contributing to us much that will help us not to be perfect parent or teacher but how value our life to the fullest to be a good person with LOVE Truly, God is good and He really made us with a purpose.

Compare and contrast antigone&letter from a Birmingham jail essay Essay

It is rattling impressive how Antigone and the Letter from a Birmingham Jail essay are very(prenominal) similar despite being written in two diverse time periods. Antigone and Martin Luther force Junior both fought for what was good for their society. Antigone buried her pal despite the office stating that her brother was a traitor and that nobody should inhume him or honor him in all way. Antigone believed that nobody could dishonor or override the gods, that includes the king. Antigone was punished. She was thrown into a cave and walled off to die slow but she committed suicide instead. Antigone fought for what was morally right.Martin Luther king Jr. fought for civic rights in the south. At the time the south was segregated between whites and blacks,the whites ofttimes had the newest and best things. Dr. MLK believed that no matter your race, heritage or county of origin everyone should be treated equally and get to have the same opportunities to be successful. MLK got thrown in jail for parading, his anti-racism views. MLK successfully brought two different cultures of people unitedly that had never been around all(prenominal) other before. neither group judge each other with open arms but after a short backlash everyone learned to accept each other and work together as one. Dr. Martin Luther King was assassinated on a hotel balcony after standing up for what was right and what was needed to be done at the time.Antigone stood up to the king so she could respect the gods and MLK stood up for blacks civil rights. what makes them similar is that they both changed society positively whether it be the culture or the unearthly side of things. There is a clear difference in how each protagonist died, but then Antigone and MLK go back to being very similar in the reason why they died.The man that shot Dr. Martin Luther King thought that he deserved to be punished, so that man in his mind did what he thought was the correct thing to do. In Antigone the king demonstrated the action that he thought wasappropriate for Antigone disobeying his command. Both MLK and Antigone tacit the risks but they still choose to stand up for what they believed what was right. MLK and Antigone are heroes who sacrificed themselves for the best of the world, both showed bravery when no one else would. Martin Luther King Jr. did what he did so future generations could be in peace with each other. Antigone did what she did to prove to the king that no mere mortal has the right to deny any person their rights to honor and pay their respects to the dead.

Management Styles in the Workplace

appellation prudence Styles in the Workplace Purpose Statement My purpose nowadays is to inform you on four different perplexity movements in the workplace. dissertation Statement It is important for coachs to understand their wariness mode when trusted situations reverse in the work place, by knowing your perplexity dash you onlyow become a better leader. Introduction Have you ever been told, Do it this way or dont do it at all? if so do you know what eccentric of leaders or instruction style this. Well today, Im release to inform you ab come forward(predicate) four different type of management styles democratic, compulsive, paternal, and laissez-faire.Also, I am going to explain the advan quest fores and disadvantages of each management style. Main Point 1 elective precaution Style A. What is it? a. correspond to Building a worry Style, elected management builds commitment among employees in order to generate new ideas. It is mavin that seeks input from a ll employees and allows the staff to use their own work methods, to pop out the toil done in a timely matter. The Democratic centering Style is connatural to the participatory leadership style because it produces moderate task efficiency scarcely high satisfaction, according to the textbook.These two types of management style result in a transformational leadership appeal according to the effect by Larry Thompson. This approach results in staff empowerment by qualification the staff or team relish that they atomic number 18 part of the closing making move, which will motivate your team and generate new ideas. B. What atomic number 18 the Advantages and Disadvantages a. Advantages i. It is people centered ii. Encourages others to sh atomic number 18 ideas iii. Tolerating alternative views (understanding at in that location is to a greater extent than one way of accomplishing the goal) b. Disadvantages i.The manager could be taken advantage of receivable to employees no t working to their full potential. ii. Moderate task efficiency iii. relax down decision making process Main Point 2 Autocratic Management Style A. What is it? a. According to Building a Management Style autocratic managers do a complete 180 has farther as treating his/Her staff. The book states this type of manager is single-minded about acquire long-term results, and help from others. b. Autocratic management style is very similar to high directive leadership style studied in the textbook, much(prenominal) as productivity is high, with little concern for people and their satisfaction level.The autocratic management style only offers one-way communication, and that is through the leader. This type of management style falls into the transactional theory according to the publication by Larry Thompson. B. What be the Advantages and the Disadvantages? a. Advantages i. Although this type of management style seems pretty forceful there be many advantages. According to Managementsty le. org a few of the advantages are 1. Instructions are forceful, 2. kitty make fast decisions, 3. less unexpected side principal situations due to lack of communication. b.Disadvantages i. With such a Hitler style management approach there will disadvantages to using the autocratic management style, according to Managementstyle. org, such as 1. The staff may feel useless as they are not consulted 2. Input from the staff is not allowed 3. Staff waitressing on instructions (will cause delays) Main Point 3 Paternalistic Management Style A. What is it? a. According to learningmanagement2. com the paternalistic management style is combination of both(prenominal) democratic and autocratic management styles.Paternalistic managers will ask for the staff views and opinions, which allows them to feel involved, but in the end the manager will make the finial decision. b. According to Dr. Daniel Theyagu, who is a corporate trainer and seminar leader, suggest that by using the paternalisti c management style approach, the leader will learn to move absent from delegation to empowerment. i. Dr. Daniel Theyagu suggests leaders should stay involved with the development of their staff, so that the manager can be aware of his/her staffs needs. ii.It is important for uniform communication, to clear up any uncertainty among the staff and make received everyone is on the same level for common values and goal of the view or task. iii. Dr. Daniel Theyagu also believes that when people feel involved they are more(prenominal) likely to buy in the visions and values of the leader. Main Point 4 Laissez Faire Management Style A. What is it? a. Laissez Faire Management style is also known as negligent leadership style in the textbook. According to the business vocabulary website, laissez-faire management styles is a non-authoritarian approach to management.This type of manager feels that or believes that people will excel when they are left alone to respond to their responsibil ities and obligations in their own ways. B. What are the advantages and disadvantages? a. Advantages According to about. com this type of management can be very effect if i. When leaders are still there for consultation and feedback ii. Members are able to work alone and still be motivated iii. If Members are highly skilled, they do not need to wait on management to tell them how to complete the task. b.Disadvantages In most cases the disadvantages out way the advantages because i. The lack of guidance may leave the staff tone of voice neglected. ii. According to the textbook, leader take no part in the decision-making process and offers little advice or direction. Conclusion We are all managers of your own lives, but one day we will be leaders of others. Democratic management style allows others to take part in the decision-making process. Autocratic management style leaders make decisions without regards to others. Paternalistic allows for others input, but the decision is still up to the leader.Laissez-faire management style is a more hands off approach, and this type of leader style is not recommended for most situations. Knowing what the different types of management styles are, and what they mean, this can be an informative advantage to maybe using certain management styles in certain citations. References Autocratic,Paternalistic, Democratic, Laissez faire and Unorthodox management styles Laissez faire management style Tag Archive production line tips BSMR. COM . (2011, October 8). Business tips BSMR. COM Tips and advice about business . Retrieved February 23, 2012, from http//www. smr. com/tag/laissez-faire-management-style/ Matlwa,M.. (2009,May). Building a management style. Accountancy SA,18-19. Retrieved February 28, 2012, from Accounting & Tax Periodicals. (Document ID1748263211). Management Styles. (n. d. ). Welcome to Learn Management 2. com. Learn about management here. salve management lessons and revision notes.. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from http//www. learnmanagement2. com/leadership%20styles. htm Autocratic Management Style. (n. d. ). Management Style. Retrieved February 24, 2012, from http//managementstyle. org/autocratic-management-style. hp/ Dodd, C. H. (2012). Managing business and professional communication (3rd ed. ). Boston Allyn & Bacon. The Democratic lead Style. (n. d. ). Leadership Toolbox Your Source for Leadership Development Resources. Retrieved February 24, 2012, from http//www. leadership-toolbox. com/democratic-leadership-style. html Theyagu, D. (n. d. ). Autocratic vs consultative Leadership. EzineArticles Submission Submit Your Best Quality Original Articles For Massive Exposure, Ezine Publishers stick to 25 Free Article Reprints. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from http//ezinearticles. com/?Autocratic-vs-Consultative-Leadership&id=1054914 Thompson,L.. A study of the relationships between leadership style and employee and customer satisfaction in a wireless telecommunications company. Ph. D. dissertation, Our madam of the Lake University, United States Texas. Retrieved February 28, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Publication No. AAT 3354209). What is laissez-faire leadership? definition and meaning. (n. d. ). BusinessDictionary. com Online Business Dictionary. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/laissez-faire-leadership. html

Ceo Overpaid

The topic of my report is the myth about American chief executives being overpaid. To start with, the idea that American bosses are obscenely overpaid dominates in the modern society. For instance, Among the true believers in this consideration are the NY clock and Forbes who complain of fat feechecks awarded to chief operating officers who dont deserve them. What is the basis of this orthodoxy? genuinely it rests on three propositions First and foremost CEO pay dependable keeps on going up The second one the fact that it is not tied to performance of the company and the last merely not least that postings are not restraining their appetite.Altogether these propositions in turn rest on a bigger argument that CEOs are using their political power to monkey with the system. The article highlights Steven Kaplans opinion as recently he has published a research regarding the problem. Above all, it should be noted that he distinguishes estimated and realized pay. Estimated pay i s t Estimated pay is the estimated value of the CEOs pay, including stock options, when the board does the hiring. Realised pay is what the CEO actually makes when he exercises his options.In fact Steven Kaplan disproves practically all the arguments given above. First, He questiones the idea that CEO pay always goes up by providing data which shows that, it shot up between 1993 and 2000. exactly since whence it has fallen. Average estimated pay for the bosses of S&P 500 companies has declined by 46% since 2000. Further more, turning to relationship between pay and perfomance Mr Kaplan argues that CEOs are clear paid for improving the performance of their companys stock.Firms with CEOs in the highest 20% of realised pay generated stock returns 60% greater than those of other firms in their industries over the previous three years. Firms with CEOs in the bottom 20% underachieve their industries by almost 20%. CEOs are also kicked out if they dissect to perform well. Thus Mr Ka plan provides a valuable corrective to much of the cajolery that surrounds this subject. But two questions remain troubling. One is about short-termism. Many critics of CEO pay argue that the problem lies not with the size of the pay packets nevertheless with the incentives that they create.Many bosses receive options that are worthless unless the companys shares reach a certain price, but fabulously lucrative if they exceed it. This may goad them to take big risks to boost share prices in the short term, and then cash out. But if their bets go sour, other share hopeers suffer. According to the author of the article, it would be better to pay bosses in restricted shares, which they must hold for a specified period rather than choosing when to sell. The second question concerns the political economy of inequality.It is one thing for CEOs to earn $10m a year when the economy is booming, but quite another when unemployment is 8%. For example, the CEOs of such companies as CBS, Orac le and Viacom all earned more than $50m in 2010. Bosses should not underestimate the risk that their riches could provoke a backlash against business. Nevertheless, there is no quick fix. nigh fat-cat floggers want governments to regulate pay to reduce inequality within firms. other reformers say the way to deal with high pay is to give more power to boards or shareholders.The Dodd-Frank law of 2010 required all public firms to hold an annual say on pay vote for top executives. however last year, despite a lot of noise by activists, shareholders voted to support 98% of pay proposals. Finally, The evidence suggests that CEO pay is determined in general by supply and demand, not bad corporate governance. The thing is that Companies get by for scarce talent. They pay what it takes to woo the best bosses, and sack them if they stumble

Sez in China

E specific(a)(prenominal) sparing z whizz A finical stinting Z genius(SEZ) is a geographical region that has scotch and opposite laws that argon much(prenominal) free-market-oriented than a solid grounds typical or home(a) laws. comprehensive laws whitethorn be suspended inside a supererogatory stinting z wizard. The category SEZ c overs, includingfree traffic z unmatchables(FTZ), export touch Z unrivaleds (EPZ), free regularises (FZ),industrial parksor industrial e enjoins (IE),free ports,free stinting zones,urban enterprise zonesand a nonher(prenominal)s.Usu eithery the goal of a structure is to increase contradictory mold enthronization fundsby unusual investors, typic whollyy aninter home(a) line of resolveingor amulti field corporation(MNC), phylogeny ofinfrastructureand to increase the employment. Currently, the whatever expectant SEZs in the country atomic egress 18Shenzhen,Xiamen,Shantou, andZhuhai. It is non adequate that Shenzhen, Shantou, an d Zhuhai ar either inGuangdong land, and all be on the southern coast of ma landlocked chinaw ar where ocean is very get atible for transportation of goods.An analysis of the performance of these SEZs in master(prenominal)land china versus those in India in liberalizing the Chinese and Indian economies and their collision on sparingal appendage was conducted byLeong (2012). This paper investigates the case of spargon stinting zones (SEZs) . The constitution transfigure to a to a greater ex hug drugt liberalized sparing is identified using SEZ variables as implemental variables. The tops indicate that export and FDI growth gift positive and statistically of import offsprings on economic growth in these countries. The forepart of SEZs increases regional growth tranquillise increasing the build of SEZs has negligible motion on growth.The key to faster economic growth appears to be a great pace of liberalization. e picky(a) economic zones of the sights st udyity rule of china peculiar(a) economical Zones of the Peoples Re in the public eye(predicate) of china(SEZs) atomic number 18 surplus economic zoneslocated in main(prenominal)land chinaw be. Thegovernment of the Peoples Republic of chinaware fractures SEZs particular(a)(a) (morefree market-oriented) economic policies and flexible governmental measures. This allows SEZs to utilize an economic focusing system that is e pickyly conducive to doing business that does non cost in the rest of mainland China.History Since the late 1970s, and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the eleventh CPC Central Committee in 1978, the chinaw be government has heady toreform the national economic setup. The basic distinguish polity has center on the grooming and implementation of overall reform and blusteringing to the extracurricular human race. During the 1980s, the chinaw atomic number 18 passed well-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) stages, ranging from the establis hment of special economic zones and commit coastal cities and sports stadiums, and designating bold inland and coastal economic and technology suppuration zones.Since 1980, the PRC has found special economic zones inShenzhen,ZhuhaiandShantouinGuangdong dutyandXiameninFujian province, and designated the entire province ofHainana special economic zone. In August 1980, theNational Peoples sexual relation(NPC) passed Regulations for The particular(a) Economy Zone ofGuangdong state of matter and officially designated a sight ofShenzhenas the Shenzhen peculiar(a) Economy Zone (SSEZ).In 1984, the PRC just assailable 14 coastal cities to ir applicable investmentDalian,Qinhuangdao,Tianjin,Yantai,Qingdao,Lianyungang,Nantong,Shanghai,Ningbo,Wenzhou,Fuzhou,Guangzhou,ZhanjiangandBeihai. Since 1988, mainland Chinas possibleness to the outside world has been extended to its border atomic number 18as, atomic number 18as a grand the Yangtze River and inland beas. First, the state decided to unloose Hainan Island into mainland Chinas biggest special economic zone (ap turn outd by the 1st session of the seven-spotth NPC in 1988) and to en outstanding the former(a)(a) four special economic zones. curtly afterwards, the assert Council create the open coastal aras, extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of theYangtze River Delta,Pearl River Delta, Xiamen-Zhangzhou-QuanzhouTriangle in south Fujian,Shandong Peninsula,Liaodong Peninsula(Liaoning obligation),HebeiandGuangxi. In June 1990 the PRC government beat thePudongNew world in Shanghai to outside investment, and special cities along the Yangtze River valley, with Shanghais Pudong New Area as its dragon head. Since 1992, the soil Councilhas opened a number of border cities, and in addition, opened all the detonating device cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15 free exchange zones, 32 state-level economic and proficient suppuration zones, and 53 bargon-ass and sophisticatedindustrial development zones stack as been established in large and medium-sized cities. As these open areas adopt different preferential policies, they play the dual roles of windows in underdeveloped the strange-oriented delivery, generating exotic exchanges with exporting products and importing mature echnologies and of radiators in accelerating inland economic development. Primarily geared to exporting processed goods, the v special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integ tr axerophthol science and labor with trade, and realize from preferential policies and special managerial systems. In 1999, Shenzhens new-and high-tech assiduity became one with trounce prospects, and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 81. 98 billion kwai, fashioning up 40. 5% of the citys furthere industrial output value.Since its founding in 1992, the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both enchanting foreign chief city and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley. The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet basked by the special economic zones. For instance, in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income revenue common to the economic and technological development zones, the state similarly permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries.In addition, the state has inclined Shanghai permission to set up a fall exchange, expand its scrutiny and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage inRMBbusiness. In 1999, theGDPof the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan, and the hail industrial output value, 145 billion yuan. In May 2010, the PRC designated the city ofKashgarinXinjianga SEZ. Kashgars annual growth rate was 17. 4 per cent from 2009, and Kashgars designation has s ince increasedtourismandreal estate pricesin the city.Kashgar is con borderinous to Chinas border with the independent states of formerSoviet Central Asiaand the SEZ seeks to hoodize on internationalistic trade links among China and those states. List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and indemnity of rise to the world, between 1980 and 1984 China establishedspecial economic zones(SEZs) inShantou,Shenzhen, andZhuhaiinGuangdongProvince andXiameninFujianProvince and designated the entire island province ofHainana special economic zone.In 1984 China opened 14 otherwise coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south)Dalian,Qinhuangdao,Tianjin,Yantai,Qingdao,Lianyungang,Nantong,S hanghai,Ningbo,Wenzhou,Fuzhou,Guangzhou,Zhanjiang, andBeihai. Then, beginning in 1985, the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the hobby open economic zones (listed north to south)Liaodong Peninsula,HebeiProvince (which surroundscapital of Red ChinaandTianjin) ,ShandongPeninsula,Yangtze River Delta,Xiamen-Zhangzhou-QuanzhouTriangle in southern Fujian Province,Pearl River Delta, andGuangxi.In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open thePudongNew Zone inShanghaito overseas investment, as wellhead as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley. Since 1992 the conjure up Councilhas opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15 free-trade zones, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones feel been established in large and medium-sized cities. As a result, a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river, border, and inland areas has been formed in China.Type City Province limited stinting Zone, City Shenzhen Guangdong Zhuhai Guangdong Shantou Guangdong Xiamen Fujian Kashgar Xinjiang picky economic Zone, Province No city Hainan Coastal ontogenesis Areas Dalia n Liaoning Qinhuangdao Hebei Tianjin Tianjin Yantai Shandong Qingdao Shandong Lianyungang Jiangsu Nantong Jiangsu Shanghai Shanghai Ningbo Zhejiang Wenzhou Zhejiang Fuzhou Fujian Guangzhou Guangdong Zhanjiang Guangdong Beihai Guangxi - Hainan Special stinting ZoneHainan became a special economic zone in 1988 after the other 4 zones had already established themselves as cosmos victorious and scalable. For menstruum foreign investment formulas for the Hainan zone please seeHainan Special economical Zone, foreign Investment Regulations - Economic policies of SEZs 1. Special appraiseation motivators for foreign investments in the SEZs. 2. Greater independence on international trade activities. 3. Economic characteristics are guarded as 4 principles 1. Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital 2.Primary economic forms are Sino-foreign juncture venturesand cooperatorships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises 3. Products are p rimarily export-oriented 4. Economic activities are primarily drive by market forces SEZs are listed separately in the national prep (including financial cookery) and have province-level authority on economic administration. SEZs local intercourse and government have legislation authority. Leong (2012) investigates the role of special economic zones (SEZs) in liberalizing the Chinese and Indian economies and their impact on economic growth.The policy change to a more liberalized frugality is identified using SEZ variables as instrumental variables. The results indicate that export and FDI growth have positive and statistically signifi targett effects on economic growth in these countries. The presence of SEZs increases regional growth however increasing the number of SEZs has negligible effect on growth. The key to faster economic growth appears to be a greater pace of liberalization. Chinas Special Economic Zones Xu Dixin The Chinese Government has set up four special econom ic zones.They are located in the cities of Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou of Guangdong Province and the city of Xiamen of Fujian Province . Politically, the special economic zones are based on assurance of Chinas state sovereignty and governing authority is entirely in Chinas hands. Economically, they are essentially based on state capitalism. APPROXIMATELY iii hundred special economic zones have been established in about 75 countries and regions in the world today (some are cal lead free trading zones, some touch on-exporting zones and some appraise-free trading zones).Practices vary between countries. Special economic zones are set up when a country delimits a special area where, through license of customs duty, it formulates various preferential conditions and contri onlyes public facilities so as to attract foreign investors to set up factories whose destroyed products are primarily for export. Inso further as capitalistic social systems are implicated, few problems arise for those countries which set up special economic zones because the characteristics of much(prenominal)(prenominal) zones are essentially compatible with the development of capitalism.Some people winder wherefore China, a socialist country, has set up special zones which permit the run of foreign capital. They ask Concessions were eliminated a long time ago, why are a few areas with foreign investment being drawd in the mood of concessions? They in any case want to know whether the four special economic zones re inaugurate a revival of the former concessions. Although principal(prenominal), such concerns are oversimplified and superficial. The situation great deal be best understood within context of the past and the nations present state of development.At the end of the 19th century, foreign capital poured into China. This was a result of invasion by imperialist powers which used gunboat diplomacy to impose mismatched treaties on China and infringed upon its state sovere ignty. The foreign capital presently being invested in China is not based on unequal treaties, but on the assurance of Chinas state sovereignty. The special economic zones do not represent the revival of former concessions because authority over them is entirely in Chinas hands.Be they joint ventures with Chinese and foreign investments set up in the special zones or enterprises run exclusively by foreign or overseas Chinese capital, they must ob inspection and repair the Chinese Governments decrees and regulations, stand business and income assesses correspond to provisions and abide by Chinas labour laws. Although they represent a small(a) change in state economic policy, the special economic zones are not in basic conflict with Chinas socialist economic system. The prudence in the special zones encompasses the socialist state economy, the collective economy and the private economy, but state capitalism has the lions parting.Processing materials for foreign countries, compe nsatory trade, co-operative enterprises and joint ventures are all state capitalist economic activities. Strictly speaking, the enterprises run by foreign or overseas Chinese capital mould a chassis of capitalist economy, but the activities of such enterprises are subject to control and regulation by the governments of the special zones. As a result, they are special kinds of capitalist enterprises. Lenin clearly state State capitalism is capitalism which we shall be able to restrict, the limits of which we shall be able to fix. This permits us with a theoretical explanation of the record of the enterprises financed individually in the special zones. Some people worry that the capitalists exit exploit the surplus value of the labourers. It should be admitted that some exploitation does exist in the joint ventures or individually financed enterprises in the special zones. harmonize to Chinas regulations, joint ventures or enterprises individually financed by foreign capital or o verseas Chinese capital so-and-so remit their share of remuneration abroad after they have paid their income task check to relevant provisions and with the approval of the political science concerned.The lettuce remitted abroad and the profits carry oned for reinvestment in the special zones obviously represent the surplus value of the labourers. however allowing foreign or overseas Chinese capital to gain profits is, in a common sense, a policy of redemption (that is, a policy of step-by-steply nationalizing the means of doing of the exploiting classes at a original price). Shortly after the founding of the Peoples Republic, the government adopted a redemption policy towards the national bourgeoisie in order to win its co-operation.Now we are employing a redemption policy to win the co-operation of foreign and overseas Chinese capital. This is demand for the development of the economies of the special zones. One of the characteristics of special zone economies is the f act that they open the door to foreign countries. Take Shenzhen and Zhuhai for showcase, their economic ties with Xianggang (Hongkong) and Aomen (Macao) are much nigher than with the interior. This situation whitethorn result in the close relationship and mutual-effect between the role of regulating output according to market demands and the market fluctuations of Xianggang and Aomen.Within the special zones, it firenot be verbalize that the regulation of merchandise by state planning does not exist or does not function. However, if regulation of production by planning is made to cover too large an area, if it bring abouts the main frame of the economy of the special zones, then it provide be disadvantageous to absorbing foreign capital and maturation the economies of the special zones. Newly built contain in the Shekou industrial area managed by a Xianggang (Hongkong) company. Special Zones FunctionsBecause the special economic zones in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces hav e simply been established for a brusque head of time, their role has not been brought into full play. The following points address the concerns almost frequently expressed regarding their operation They serve as bridges for introducing foreign capital, pass on technology and equipment and as classrooms for training personnel capable of get the hang advanced technology. Both in the process of production and circulation, and in the joint ventures with Chinese and foreign investments in the special zones, we can l collect the latest techniques and scientific methods of management.To develop the national economy and expedite Chinas enterprise production and management, it is imperative to promote rival between regions, between trades and with-in a certain trade. In the development of the economies of the special zones -and during their competition with Xianggang and Aomen it is possible to win in the competition by eruditeness how to retain comparisons regarding the regulatio n of production according to market demands. improve the quality of goods, develop new products and reduce production costs. It is possible to absorb considerable amounts. of foreign exchange.It is likewise possible to sell part of the foreign capital, technology and equipment through the special zones to other regions concerned and set up new enterprises there. The countrys special zones can serve as experimental units in economic structural reform and as schools for acquire the law of value and the regulation of production according to market demands. By developing the economies of the special zones, it is possible to employ umpteen young people waiting for jobs. Some people wonder why it is obligatory, more than 30 eld since the founding of the Peoples Republic, to set up special economic zones.They as well as wonder whether the special zones signify that China is seeking help from capitalist countries. Such concerns are understandable, but unwarranted. Since its establish ment, New China has scored brilliant achievements in many fields of give out, including economic social organization. But it has likewise traversed a voluminous path. Compared with the worlds most advanced nations. Chinas level of production is still rather low. Its gold and technology are incompatible with the learnments of the modernization drive.Furthermore, while implementing its policy of self-assertion in economic construction, China does not exclude co-operation with capitalism. Facts go away prove that through developing the economies of the special zones, we impart be able to make use of foreign and overseas Chinese capital, as well as state capitalism, to develop Chinas socialist economy. Economic construction in the special zones willing possibly become a special form of accouterment to the development of Chinas socialist economy. The total economies of the special zones will only constitute a very small portion of the national economy.Although the socialist ec onomy will continue to dominate, the role of the special zones must not be overlooked. Japanese technician passing on good know-how to a Chinese worker at a joint Sino-Japanese TV company. Policies and Measures 1. The development of the special economic zones requires emphasis on the word special. For instance, in opening the door to foreign countries, it is necessary to simplify procedures for entry and exit and make things easy for visitors. In levyation rate, it is essential to get through preferential treatment to imported goods in customs duties. Tax exemptions for some goods are needed.A portion of the profits gained by foreign financed enterprises is allowed to be remitted abroad. 2. The essence of developing the special economic zones lies in the import of foreign capital making foreign capital serve Chinas socialist modernization drive. Given this, the lives of the people residing in the special zones are bound to change. Capitalist ideology is bound to increase. Thi s will require us to devote special attention to the ideological education of people in the special zones. Of course, education and training in science and technology should not be neglected, either. 3.The currency used in the special economic zones is mainly Renminbi (peoples currency), the use of foreign currencies is confine to designated areas. Renminbi represents the currency of the Peoples Republic of China, but in view of the characteristics of special economic zones, it may prove necessary to ply different currency for them. This is a very complicated problem which calls for further study. 4. It would be impossible for the special zones to develop without the embody of Chinas interior regions. tho when they operate in cooperation with the interior can the special zones gain necessary materials.Of course, such cooperation is based on mutual benefit. And it can be succeederful only when the special zones produce commodities needed by the interior. This co-operation must be carried out in a planned way. Chinas capital controls The more special economic zone The landscape of capital- handbill liberalisation Jul seventh 2012 QIANHAI from the print edition * Where theres muck ELSEWHERE in the developing world, towns grow to begin with the infrastructure is quite ready to support them. Things are different in Shenzhen, Chinas original Special Economic Zone (SEZ), a stones throw from Hong Kong.The electron tube station at Qianhai verbalize, on the citys west coast, is bran-new and span, with a full complement of signs, announcements and billboards, including one for a performance by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, sponsored by Classy Kiss milk. But only one exit is open. And it surfaces in the spunk of a wasteland of dirt, scrub and puddles. It is, surely, the best connected nowhere anywhere. In this section * Powering down * The more special economic zone * Rollercoaster * Duncan dough notes * The Oracle of Boston * Move over Reprints Related topics * Hong Kong * China This empty spot is, however, full of big ambitions.It is one corner of a 15-square-kilometre zone earmarked for experimentation by Chinas cabinet. The zone has licence to try policies that are more special than those reign even in an SEZ. It aims to attract modern service industries rather than big-box manufacturers. It will charge only 15% corporate-profit tax and levy no income taxes on the finance professionals, lawyers, accountants and creative people it hopes eventually to attract. These cosmopolitan folk will live in a waterfront city, says James Corner, whose firm won a competition two geezerhood ago to design the bays future landscape. everyplace the next couple of eld, he explains, the city will build a system of water fingers, large parks that collect, retain and purify the streams that flow from the hinterland, allowing water to enter the bay clean and clear. piss is not the only flow Qianhai aims to collect and retain. It alike wants to a ttract some of the offshore yuan that have pooled outside mainland Chinas borders. Over 550 billion yuan ($87 billion) now sits in Hong Kong deposit accounts some other 60 billion yuan sits in Singapore, and 35 billion more resides in customer deposits in London, according to an April study by Bourse Consult.These yuan cannot flow freely endorse into mainland China, however. trusts can invest a limited amount in the mainlands inter-bank bond market. Companies that raise yuan outside China can seek permission to invest the money in their operations inside the country. But the money can easily become bogged down in Chinas exchange controls, especially when the governing are trying to tighten credit. Qianhai, however, will be permitted to broaden these channels. Its firms will be given help in raising yuan offshore. Hong Kong banks will be allowed to enter the zone more easily. The ground will too be laid for greater cross-border lending. Since the mainland is targeting the gradua l achievement of full yuan convertibility, Qianhai should be a pioneer for progress, said Zhang Xiaoqiang of the National teaching and put right Commission, Chinas planning body. The plan poses some puzzles. If offshore yuan were to be lent freely to Qianhai firms, what would stop them lending the money on to the rest of the country? An easing of capital controls between Hong Kong and Qianhai would seem to require a tightening of controls between Qianhai and the rest of the mainland. Otherwise the stream of yuan inflows could become a flood.The answer to the puzzle may lie in the timing. The Qianhai zone is not schedule for completion until 2020, by when Chinas capital controls may already be far looser nation round-eyed. It is therefore tall(a) that Qianhais opening up will get too far ahead of the rest of the countrys. In finance, as well as infrastructure, China give cares to lay down the tracks, platforms and ticket barriers sooner the throngs arrive. Definition of Special Economic Zone SEZ Designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country.Moreover, these regulations tend to contain measures that are conducive to foreign direct investment. Conducting business in a SEZ commonly means that a company will receive tax incentives and the fortune to pay lower tariffs. Investopedia explains Special Economic Zone SEZ While many countries have set up special economic zones, Chinahas been the most in(predicate)inusingSEZ to attract foreign capital. In fact, China has even declared an entire province (Hainan) to be an SEZ, which is quite distinct, as most SEZs are cities. Read morehttp//www. investopedia. com/ basis/s/sez. spixzz29RnLw992 Chinas Special Economic Zones Keep Importance Chinas special economic zones will still be special after the countrys entry to the knowledge domain Trade system of rules (WTO) and can continue to boom because they are better prepared for its ru les, officials and economists said on Wednesday. PRINT DISCUSSION CHINESE SEND TO FRIEND Special zones better prepared for WTO rulesChinas special economic zones will still be special after the countrys entry to theWorld Trade Organization(WTO) and can continue to boom because they are better prepared for its rules, officials and economists said on Wednesday.While thousands of Chinese businesses have yet to familiarize themselves with the WTO principles and practices, Chinas technological and economic areas are already ahead of the game, said Pi Qiansheng, chief official who oversees theTianjinEconomic Development Area (TEDA). Special Economic Zones President Jiang on Special Economic ZonesChina will develop special economic zones (SEZs) all through the process of the countrys reform, opening up and modernization drive, Chinese PresidentJiang Zeminsaid November 14 in Shenzhen, Chinas scratch line SEZ.Feature Economic Zones Chief special economic zonesChinas chief special eco nomic zones are Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen cities andHainanProvince. But they encompass more than 100 national economic and technological development zones, 15 national bonded areas and 14 border trade and co-operation regions in the broadest sense, said Hu Ping, former theater director of the Special Economic Zone Office under the State Council.Years before China joined the international trade club, the special economic areas had begun operational in line with international practices, said Pi, director of the administrative deputation of TEDA, the largest development zone in North China. By implementing international practices like simplified approval procedures and tran deadwoodncy TEDA has actually been operating according to WTO rules, he said. Keep going wellBoth Pi and Hu denied allegations that the national treatment and non-discrimination principles of the WTO will countervail the development of the special economic and technological reas, which used to receive and give preferential policies. The special zones in various sizes and forms in China have grown from their initial state when they needed policy support before they were able to rely on themselves for expansion, Hu said. I dont see much of a negative impact of WTO entry on their recruitment of experts and the overall investment environment. The special zones can instead maintain their special status by maximizing their compile expertise and their advantages in geographic locations and export-orientated industrial structures.They can gain a head start in absorbing foreign funds, technology and developing modern logistic systems, Hu said. The bonded zones, export product processing quarters and high-tech parks in those special areas will open still wider, Pi said. It is my understanding that the WTO rules obligate the government to shift its functions to service of process businesses in a more efficient fashion, Pi said. In TEDA, for example, the authorities have already modifi ed or re break awayd all the regulations and operations that go against the WTO rules. Within the framework of national treatment requirements of the WTO, TEDA will give more favourable policies to overseas investment to attract more transnationals, he said. SEZs Go the Chinese way S. Majumder SPECIAL Economic Zones (SEZs), first of all proposed in the Exim Policy 2000-01 by the erstwhile Commerce Minister, Mr Murasoli Maran, are now a reality. With Export Processing Zones (EPZs) failing to help achieve the export targets, sights are on SEZs to deliver the goods. Eight SEZs are already operational seven EPZs were converted for this purpose and another nine have been ap turn up and are to be located strategically.The Commerce Minister, Mr Arun Jaitley, overwhelmed by the success of Chinas SEZ experiments has reposed much creed in them not only for export growth but also to boost FDI, which has become imperative especially as interior(prenominal) investments are sagging. It is heartening that Mr Jaitley seems to be aware of the fact that the objectives of SEZs are much wider than merely boosting exports. Can India replicate Chinas immensely successful SEZ model? The incentives offered in Indian SEZs are in no less than those in China.From duty-free imports and tax holidays to freedom from cumbersome Custom procedures, the SEZs facilities match those in China. Hence, theoretically at least, Indias SEZs should be no less photogenic to foreign investors as the Chinese versions. But reality paints a different picture. The key to SEZ success lies not just handing out incentives. Conceptually, EPZs and SEZs are different while the former is an industrial estate, the latter is an industrial township. Boosting incentives to SEZs does not necessarily mean greater investment flows. The scope of SEZs are much wider and their linkages with the domestic economy realer.SEZs provide adjuvant infrastructure such as housing, ports, roads and telecommunication and, as a result, have a wider industrial base. Compared to EPZs, SEZs give more in terms of exports, industrial growth, investments, both domestic and foreign, and employment generation. Hence, merely switching from EPZs to SEZs, without lying-in the required structural changes, does not guarantee success. The China story in that location are tailfin SEZs in China. Of these, four Shenzhen, Xiamen, Shantou and Zhuhai were founded 20 years back and the fifth, Hainan, was set up in 1988.There are eight distinguishing features which have contributed to the success of SEZs in China Unique location, large size, investment friendly attitudes towards non-resident Chinese, attractive incentive packages, liberal Custom procedures, flexible labour laws, a strong domestic market and decentralisation of power in favour of provinces and local authorities for administering the zones. Of the five SEZs, Shenzhen, Shantou and Zhuhai are in the Guangdong province, adjacent to Hong Kong the gateway to C hina. The other SEZ, Xiamen, in the Fujian province, is nearer Taiwan. Setting up hese zones close to internationally reputed commercialized destinations was basically for easier doorway to foreign investments, modern technology and managerial expertise. This move paid off. FDI spurted in China with Hong Kong accounting for about 60 per cent of the total inflows with foreign investors making a beeline for the SEZs. Initially, the major(ip)ity of foreign investors were non-resident Chinese from Hong Kong who were meshed in trading. Later, MNCs started investing in technology-oriented sectors even as China liberalised its foreign investment policy further to attract modern technology.The Guangdong province, which has the largest number of SEZs, became the most attractive foreign investment destination. In 2001, over 25 per cent of Chinas FDI flowed into Guangdong. Size is another important factor for SEZ success in China. Each SEZ is well over 1,000 hectares, the minimum recommen ded area. In India, the EPZs converted into SEZs are not even a third of this. Among the converted SEZs, the one in Noida is the largest but extends only 310 hectares. The SEEPZ, the first SEZ in India, is only 93 hectares.In such small areas, the requisite infrastructure and services required of an SEZ cannot be created nor fourfold economic activities under take overn. Strong domestic market is another important look for SEZ success. In China, about 50 per cent of SEZ sales are to the domestic market. Though India has a large domestic market, it has failed to project this to lure SEZ investors. The reason Policy impediments to sales in the domestic market. While in China the thrust of SEZs has been to attract foreign investments and modern technology, in India the emphasis has been on exports.The policymakers seem to think that export success in the zones is difficult unless go with by a liberal FDI regime. In China, the contribution of SEZs to the total exports is not unassai lable even after 20 years of their existence. In 2001, the share of the five SEZs in the countrys total exports was 10. 4 per cent. In contrast, the contribution of Indian SEZs in 2001-02 was a little over 4 per cent of the total exports. Decentralisation of power was also a major reason for SEZ success in China. Provincial and local authorities were made partners and stakeholders, by delegation to them powers to approve foreign investment.The SEZ authorities in China can approve foreign investment proposals up to $30 million. In India, only State governments are allowed to set up SEZs and the powers for foreign investment approvals are vested with the Development Commissioners, who are the representatives of the Central Government. The hire-and-fire policy in SEZs has been one of the biggest attractions for foreign investors in China. The new labour law consists of 107 articles, but none of these is more than one paragraph. all in all jobs are on labour contract basis, which stand modify upon the expiry of the terms, which can be fixed/flexible or for a specific job.In contrast, the labour policy in India is worker, rather than investment, oriented. Merely declaring SEZs as public utilities under the industrial Disputes Act may not glut to quell the image of labour unrest in the country. In sum, the wakeless objectives for setting up SEZs and their role in the national economy are different in the two countries. In such a situation, multiplex doses of incentives and unravelling the procedural hassles in India may not in themselves aid SEZs. The be need is buoyancy in foreign investments, which would automatically catapult exports.For this, the principal(a) need is to foster SEZs as investment-friendly areas. This job is not of the Commerce Ministry alone, which is sceptered to tinker with the Exim Policy only. The Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) and the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) also have an equally important role to make SEZs a success. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZS) ? Special economic zones (SEZs) 1 aim to overcome barriers that hinder investment in the wider economy, including repressing policies, poor governance, inadequate infrastructure, and problematic access to land.SEZs tend to offer export-oriented investors one-third main advantages relative to the domestic investment environment 1) they offer a special customs environment including efficient customs administration and (usually) access to imported inputs free of tariffs and duties 2) they have historically offered a range of monetary incentives including corporate tax holidays and decrements, along with an improved administrative environment and 3) they provide infrastructure (including land, factory shells, and utilities) that are more accessible and reliable than would commonly be available outside the zones. SEZs have a long-established role in international trade. Prior to the 1970s, most zones were clustered in industrialized countries but since the 1980s, there has been massive growth in SEZs in developing countries, led at first by East Asia and Latin America and more recently by the development of new programs in Central and eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Recent estimates indicate that there soon are more than 3,000 SEZs established in some 135 countries.Overall SEZs are estimated to account for more than US$200 billion in global exports and employ directly at least 40 million workers. ? well-nigh zones set up in the 1970s through the 1990s were knowing to attract investment in force back-intensive assembly and manufacturing from multinationals. These export processing zones (EPZs) were a cornerstone of trade and investment policy in countries fracture away from import-substitution and in favour of integrating into global markets.Among the multiple objectives ordinarily being sought as part of these policies were job creation, growth in exports and foreign exc hange earnings, facilitating economic diversification (often as a gait in processes of industrialization and industrial upgrading) and access to foreign manufacturing technology and know-how. attain ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ? In some countries, SEZs have been a powerful instrument for economic growth and structural transformation. For many of the initial zones in East Asia, zones proved played a critical role in facilitating the industrial development and upgrading the tiger economies.Similarly, the later adoption of the model by China provided a platform for attracting FDI and not only supported the development of its export-oriented manufacturing sector, but served as a catalyst for sweeping economic reforms that were extended throughout the country. In Latin America, countries like friar preacher Republic, Honduras, and El Salvador used free zones to take advantage of preferential access to US markets, and have generated large-scale manufacturing sectors in economies that were pre viously reliant on agricultural commodities.Finally, in Africa, SEZs are impute with enabling Mauritius to move from dependence on sugar to become a manufacturing hub and eventually an innovative, middle income country. ? However, there are also many examples of failures of SEZs, where investments in zone infrastructure resulted in white elephants or where zones have largely resulted in industry taking advantage of tax breaks without producing any substantial employment or export earnings.Moreover, many zones that appear to have been successful in the short term, have failed to remain sustainable once labor costs have risen or when preferential 1 The term SEZ is being used here in a generic sense to cover any one of a variety of similar regimes including industrial free zones? , special economic zones? , maquiladoras? , export processing zones? , investment promotion zones? , foreign trade zones? and free zones? What are Special Economic Zones (SEZs)? What are the Key Issues and Challenges for SEZs?What is the World Bank pigeonholing doing on SEZs? TRADE ISSUES shortened Special Economic ZonesWorld Bank Group Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network International Trade Department trade access is no longer an advantage (e. g. following the end of the Multi-fiber Agreement). Zone failures can be attributed to a variety of causes. Too often, zones are plagued with the same problems insecure electricity, lack of water, heavy bureaucracy, inefficient and corrupt customs that hinder investment in the wider economy.In addition, broader competitiveness challenges, including policy instability, poor national governance, and low productivity often undermine the potential of zones. ? The traditional manufacturing-oriented processing zone (EPZ) is proper increasingly anachronistic, despite the continued importance of global production networks. This is for three main reasons. First, by limiting activities to manufacturing only, EPZs restrict opportun ities for investment and growth in the services sector, one of the most important opportunities for growth in middle income and even many low income countries.Second, the traditional EPZ tends to create an enclave that is separated from the national market, undermining its potential to create effective domestic linkages. Finally, the traditional EPZ model relies on unsustainable pecuniary incentives to attract investment. As a result, there has been a gradual shift from traditional EPZs to special economic zones (SEZs), which normally cover large land areas, offer greater flexibility for services and other non-manufacturing activities (including residential and tourism development), and include a greater mix of export and domestic-market focused activities.THE WORLD BANK GROUP AND SEZS ? The World Bank Group has worked with guest governments on export processing zones, free trade zones, and SEZs for decades. More than 40 SEZ relate projects have been undertaken in the past ten ye ars. This work has include Bank lending for on-site and off-site infrastructure, IFC investment, and technical assistance and fellowship products from various Bank units and the Investment Climate Department on SEZ-related policies, effective and regulatory frameworks, institutional design, and feasibility studies.OUR WORK ON SEZS ? During 2009 and 2010, the World Banks International Trade Department (PRMTR) has been leading a major global research study on SEZs supported by a BNPP trust fund and in partnership with the SEZ team in the World Bank Groups Investment Climate Department with a primary emphasis on the experience SEZ programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main question addressed in this study is why have SEZs worked well as engines of growth in some countries but not in many Sub-Saharan African ones? Based on knowledge developed as part of this research, PRMTR is also supporting the World Bank Groups program looking at the potential role and impact of Chinas investment i n African industrial zones on the development prospects for the region. Our portfolio of SEZ knowledge products in 2010 includes I. A book summarizing the results of PRMTRs major research project Special Economic Zones in Africa assessing performance and learning from global experience (forthcoming) II.A set of case studies of SEZ programs in ten countries (Bangladesh, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Honduras, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Vietnam) III. Results from surveys of investors in SEZs in the same ten countries as above IV. A series of notes covering topical issues in SEZs, including regional trade agreements and SEZs WTO rules and SEZ fiscal incentives gender aspects of SEZs using SEZs as catalysts for economic reform training and skills development in SEZs etc. and V. Notes related to Chinas investment in African industrial zones, including an overview of progress and challenges and a proposed framework for effective collaboration, as well as a note drawing less ons from Chinas experience in establishing a knowledge-sharing partnership for SEZs with Singapore in Chinas Suzhou industrial Park. An investigation into the importance of special economic zones in developing economies by Raphael Monye on September 18, 2010Over the past decade, there has been a sea change in economic policies indeveloping countries which are attempting to become more export- orientated,they have started setting up free trade zones. These zones are called Special Economic Zones(SEZs) and feature various designed to encourage foreign investment. What is the significance of these zones? Have they really played an important role in the development of the economy of the developing countries? In this paper I first mention the background to the establishment of these zones, then I describe some of the aims and characteristics of the SEZs.Lastly, I attempt to assess the significance of the SEZs in the development of the wider economy Historically, China for instancehas a dopted an inward-looking strategy to its economic development. Successive Chinese governments thought that the economy could growpurlythrough self-reliance. However, there are always limitations to what a country can do by itself, for example limitations in raw-materials, natural resources, technology, etc. These can hold back the growth of an economy and certainly Chinas economic growthlagged far behind much of the rest of the world up to the 1970? . The aims of the establishment of the sezs were to earn foreign exchange, toenhanceemployment, to attract foreign investment and to urge on the introduction of technology and managementexpertise The favourable impact of the SEZs onan economy of is fivefold They attract foreign investment, they help the growth of the export industry, they earn foreign exchange, they provide employment opportunities and lastly they help theindigenouseconomy improve its level of technology.I would now like to look at some of these points in more detail Si nce the beginning of the open-door policy, small-scale private businesses have been allowed to coexist with state enterprises. This has increased employment opportunities for local people and embossed the level of economic activities in most developing countries. Also, many state workers sense that going into business on their own may provide greater income potential. Many prefer to work for joint-venture firms for higher wages.So the average income in SEZs ranks as the highest in most of these economies. In theory advanced technology and know-how will also flow into the country as a result of foreign investment. In turn, with increasing exports the force of international competition may bring greater pressure on firms to adopt more efficient work practices. It is perhaps questionable how much benefit the wider developingeconomies hasreapedfrom these investments. The technology, patents and know-how remain firmly the property of, and are controlled by the parent companies.It may ho wever be the case that in the long run the work culture and practices adopted by foreign companies could have some washback effect over wider economic practices in the country In conclusion, the establishment of the SEZs has helped to increase the export trade which in turn has helped to improve thedeveloping economy. Preferential treatiesare been made inSEZs to attract foreign investment. A large amount of foreign investment has occurred not only in the export trade, but also in infrastructure construction, art and tourism.Foreign companies have been encouraged to set up factories in the territories and the export industry has grown. Jobs opportunities have been provided for locals as factories need labour and the average income of the people has increased. In addition, advanced foreign technology has been brought in with the inflow of foreign investment. All these factors have contributed to the growth of thedeveloping economy. It remains to be seen if thesequantitativeadvances, in which the SEZs have played an important role, are matched by conterminousadvances in the quality of life for the majority of people in theses countries.Special Economic Zones and tax exemption in China The key tax incentive for investing in China lies in the various options available for claiming tax concessions. The three main avenues are tax exemption, location-based concessions, and activity-based concessions. In theory, foreign-invested companies in China are subject to 30% corporation tax plus an additional 3% local corporation tax. In practice, however, foreign-invested companies rarely have to pay the full corporate tax rate. Tax exemption and 50% tax simplificationManufacturing companies operating in China for at least ten years are granted a tax exemption period from the betrothal of entering the profit zone. In the first two years they are fully exempt from corporation tax, and in the following three years they are granted a 50% simplification in the tax burden. The fiveyear period begins in the year in which an accumulated profit, after taking into account loss carryforwards, is recorded for the first time. However, the tax exemption period is not interrupted if at any time after rootage of the period a company once more records losses.Furthermore, only taxable losses within a maximum carryforward period of five years are taken into account when determining the date on which an accumulated profit is recorded. Companies in the following sectors and areas are regarded as manufacturing companies and hence legal for preferential taxation treatment Engineering and electronics industry Energy industry (excluding oil and natural gas extraction) Metal industry, chemical industry, manufacture of construction materials Light industry, textile industry, manufacture of packaging materials Medical and pharmaceutical industries land and forestry Construction industry Communications and transport industries (excluding passenger transport) Scientif ic and technical development, geological studies, consulting services aimed at production improvements, maintenance services for production equipment and precision instruments. The above list is not exhaustive and may be extended to other areas. In principle, exemption followed by a reduction in the tax burden is only granted if the companys activities in China extend over at least ten years.If operations in China are discontinued before this ten-year horizon, Chinese tax law requires that the concessions be reimbursed. Special Economic Zones and Economic and scientific Development Zones After China opened up back in 1980, government-promoted Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were set up to attract foreign investors to the country. The main purpose of these Special Economic Zones with their many investment incentives was to strengthen Chinas embattled economy with foreign capital and to modernise the country through foreign technology.Manufacturing companies are generally granted a re duce tax rate of 15% in these zones, with full tax exemption in the first two years and a 50% reduction in tax during the three following years. Foreigninvested service companies and banks can also benefit from tax concessions but are subject to special regulations in these zones. The Special Economic Zones are in Shenzen, Guangdong Province Zhuhai, Guangdong Province Shantou, Guangdong Province Xiamen, Fujian Province Hainan Island, Hainan Province. Moreover, Economic and Technological Development Zones ETDZs) were set up in 14 coastal cities of the Peoples Republic of China in 1984. To date this number has been extended to more than 50. The aim of these development zones was the targeted opening of investment zones for foreign investors, as well as research and development in specific areas through the application of modern foreign technologies. In particular, foreign investors in these zones are offered a complete infrastructure that meets international standards. Economic a nd Technological Development Zones are to be found not only in booming metropolises such as Shanghai, Beijing nd Shenzen, but also in all-important Chinese industrial cities as well as in cities of local economic importance in the interior. The Chinese accord these development zones the highest priority, which is why in recent years Chinas booming major cities in particular have evolved to become the favourite locations for foreign investors, due to the many concessions and well-developed infrastructure on offer. Nevertheless, when deciding on a location it is important to take into account the cost of labour, which is significantly cheaper in the more rural development zones in the interior.Tax-wise, there is no difference between the Special Economic Zones and the other Economic and Technological Development Zones. Here, too, a decrease tax rate of 15% is generally relevant, with full tax exemption in the first two years and a 50% reduction in the following three years. Unlike t he Special Economic Zones, however, the Economic and Technological Development Zones do not differentiate between manufacturing and service companies. Open coastal towns and old cities The 14 eastern ports of Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou,Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai were also opened to foreign investors in 1984. Now there are more than 300 open coastal cities and old towns in China, offering similar concessions to the Special Economic Zones. If these cities also contain a Special Economic Zone or an Economic and Technological Development Zone, companies are also granted a reduce tax rate of 24% outside these zones. If necessary a tax rate of 15% can also be granted subject to the approval of the Chinese authorities, provided the companys business falls into one of the following categories Technological projects or projects requiring expertise Projects with a foreign investment volume of at least USD 300 m illion and a long repayment period Projects in the field of energy generation, communication or port operations State-promoted projects. High-Tech Industrial Development Zones Only in recent years has the Chinese government created newer types of development zones called High-Tech Industrial Development Zones (HTIDZ) primarily aimed at promoting and further developing the scientific and economic potential inherent in China through foreign capital investment and the import of know-how.Currently there are more than 50 HighTech Industrial Development Zones where foreign high-tech companies are granted a reduced tax rate of 15%. Joint ventures with a foreign partner scheduled to operate for over ten years may also be granted tax exemption or a 50% reduction in tax, similar to the above-mentioned concessions, subject to approval by the Chinese authorities. Currently the best-known High-Tech Industrial Development Zone is the Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park in Beijing. Shanghai Pudong New Area By contrast, foreign companies operating in the financial, ndustrial and trade sectors have been enjoying many tax concessions in the Pudong district since 1992. Financial services providers in particular are becoming increasingly important in this context. While foreign financial institutes are prohibited from setting up offices in all other investment zones, this zone which is also home to a stock exchange is to be established as a financial centre. The applicable tax rate in this area is 15%. Moreover, in a bid to promote the infrastructure, the Shanghai Pudong New Area offers special tax incentives to foreign companies engaged in the construction of roads, railways, orts and airports as well as companies engaged in energy and transport projects. These companies are also offered a generally lower tax rate of 15%. If scheduled to operate for at least 15 years, these companies enjoy full exemption from taxes for the first five years and a 50% tax reduction for t he following five years. Other regions In addition to the above-mentioned areas, a wide range of other regions grant foreign companies tax concessions with a view to attracting such businesses and promoting economic expansion in Chinas structurally weak regions.These currently include 13 open border cities, remote and underdeveloped regions as well as numerous central and Hesperian regions of China. Particularly in the remote and underdeveloped areas of China, companies enjoy full tax exemption for the first two years and tax concessions for up to 15 years. In all, 19 central and western provinces offer companies in specify industrial sectors a wide range of additional concessions which are listed in a catalogue specially drawn up for this purpose. Concessions for special sectors and activitiesNevertheless, eligibility for tax concessions is dependent not only on the choice of location but also on the companys business activities. For instance, special concessions are granted to e xport-oriented companies with an export ratio of more than 70% which are scheduled to operate for more than ten years. Companies which qualify as technologically advanced enterprises may request a three-year extension beyond the statutory five-year tax concession period. The requirements for eligibility in this respect are described in a special catalogue of criteria.Qualification for such additional concessions is subject to an on-site examination by the authorities of the information provided in the application. Special concessions may also be requested by companies in the software package industry, with the aim of number China into a world leader in the field of software products. These primarily concern VAT and customs duties, but additional concessions may be granted in the form of a reduction in corporation tax to 15%, shorter depreciation periods or higher expense deductions provided the defined criteria are met. Furthermore, in order to make Chinas economic expansion nd in frastructure more attractive to foreign companies, longterm projects relating to port construction as well as in the Special Economic Zones of Hainan and Pudong and in the field of airport and rail construction enjoy substantial concessions up to and including full tax exemption for the first five years as well as a tax reduction of 50% for the following five years if, as above, they meet the relevant criteria. Similar conditions also apply to agricultural projects. Research and Development (R&D) Centres can also enjoy tax concessions provided they meet a number of defined requirements.Specifically, these govern employee qualifications, investment volume, the quality of equipment used, exclusive use of invested capital for R&D purposes, etc. The concessions granted are related to the transfer of technology developed in-house and associated consulting and other services, the import of business equipment including the associated technologies, accessories and spare parts, and inc reased deductions on R&D expenditure. On the other hand, companies in heavy industry and plant construction or companies engaged in the extraction of raw materials are expressly excluded from the statutory five-year tax concession