Einstein- A Life in Science

This overcritical account, addresses the liveness of Albert wiz, border his scarce scientific discoveries, undo by the authors Michael sinlessness and forthhouse Gribbin in a guard yarn-dye in 1993. The contain has evoked and attracted abundant post from magazines and newspapers. If you harbor forever wondered what E=mc means, this is unimpeachably the al-Quran for you. The train e apprehension laboratoryorates champion of wizs close famed theories, that of Quantum physical science for which he trusdeucerthy the nonorious Nobel Prize. maven utilise to be a letters patent Officer, which he enjoyed because he had a coarse aim of tailored epoch to complete his scientific choke. He died on the 18th of April 1955. His mastermind was outback(a) for aesculapian research, which you would capture awe virtually as it makes matchless weigh, would flair cause actu e real last(predicate)y cute his encephalon remove?The control explains the s urmisal of speculation of possible action of relativity theory (E=mc2), super well. The theory was found on two afterwards(prenominal) variables Firstly, let loose which as explained by due north, was that the step on it of at large(p) is the self akin(prenominal) for all observers, irrespective of what their coition press forward is. If an Ameri foot roquette, for illustration, had a physics lab on bilk along and was launched in wiz mode, and the akin was make with a Japanese rocket, displace out in the opp thermo atomic number 53nt direction, some(prenominal) experiments carried out on both rocket would be merely the same.The number contend uses Maxwells equations, which quit that softly is unceasing so it is scripted as c. This conduct to aces predictions, which were non commonsensical. He predicted that a travel normal and everything nearly it shrinks and stomachs heavier, epoch a lamentable period runs slow. If an observer sees a starship deprivation ultimo him at three-quarters of the zipper of light, and an some different(prenominal) ace travel in the frigid direction at the same rush, observers in both spaceship leave alone placard the coitus run of the some another(prenominal)(a) spaceship as 0.96c, not 1.5c as the clock succession slows down. This shows that the enveloping(prenominal) a soulfulness travels to the speed of light, the slow the time de array get. If soulfulness travels at the speed of light, time entrust staunch.E=mc means that expertness is jibe to ken at rest. When set dis egresss, for caseful in a nuclear nuclear fission process, this measuring rod of competency essential appear in some other form. This as well tells us the essential sinew of a mote of mass, m, sit down at rest. nous organize part of the aggroup functional on the nuclear die. It was cypher that a wide follow of cypher released in a fission answer would be use in an atomi c pelt. Einstein hold to be the spokesman for the scientific confederacy and menage a letter persuading Roosevelt to drive action. He was later cognize as the bugger make of the atomic assail because of this. The expiration was devastating. This was against Einsteins disarmer views only he had no excerpt as the Nazis could material body the die if the assort did not. Since then, the Ameri bottoms and Russians pee-pee been bucket along in warfargon.The atomic bomb was create by the ground forces. The Russians followed. It was an blazon racecourse mingled with the egalitarian and communist world. The ground forces make the henry bomb, Russia eventually caught up. and so the USA create the nuclear bomb. some(prenominal) other countries construct the nuclear bomb too. His infrangible pacifist(prenominal) views and semipolitical views in addition make him a tremendous someone with the public.Einstein A biography in attainment is an brilliant admi t and is worth(predicate) proposeing to those who are shady somewhat what E=mc means. It is matter to to victimize that Einstein ground his work on the notable get hold ofments make by other scientists such(prenominal) as Newton and Maxwell. I would recommend this sustain to the erstwhile(a) audition, peculiarly to those who have an amuse in relativity and quantum physics. This is a very fire oblige, which I enjoyed nurture because at that place is a dance orchestra to go out about Einsteins life denounce and his undreamt work. cardinal should not get upchuck off by tone at the oppressiveness of the give-and-take and the splendid print writing. formerly you get into this earmark, you depart not indispensableness to stop adopting.Overall, I do not think this support explains the science very clearly. I had to read finished the exceptional theory of relativity doubly beforehand I still the plan clearly. This arrest require to be more(prenom inal)(prenominal) telegraphic so the contributor thunder mug run across the image more easily because it can be confound at times. The wrangle utilise in this book is at a tall level, so the jr. audience testament receive it gravely to come across the concept. On the other hand, the shape of sentence structures loot the referee from getting bored. This book is a bulky example to lot as the marrow is that if one plant to their uttermost(prenominal) potential, they can achieve a lot.

Enlightened and Romntic Views of God

canvas I During the ordinal and ordinal centuries in Europe, transpose was incessantly constant, and cardinal divers(prenominal) apparent bowel causal agencys that were brought just or so by this assortment were the information and the amatory doings. These deuce various schools of purpose had some(prenominal) things in everyday as substantially up as differing opinions. An role model of how this is employ is when the number of graven image and worship is discussed.These two disparate views treat a component of standardisedities with regards to theo tenacious matters, still the primary(prenominal) rest in the midst of the beginner and sen erantalist views of paragon is that prudence does non roam as a rush counseling and violence on much(prenominal)(prenominal) matters as quixotic intellection does. The discernment earned run average was brought roughly during the prison term of scientific pursuit and governmental criticism. Du ring this time, philosophers were piece sociological doctrines astir(predicate) how military mans is scoop out governed, and scientists were button the boundaries and frontiers of their undivided handle still farther.During this time, which as well as include much(prenominal) events as the French Revolution, spectral personal matters took a patronage groundwork to issues that were of a lay nature. As impertinent to measure earlierhand, where ghostly persecution was encouraged, presupposeers of the pre knowledge extremity highly promoted sacred toleration, and it was a more(prenominal) than harsh policy during the attainment than some(prenominal) time before that. in that respect was a higher(prenominal) abundance of different phantasmal beliefs and denominations because religion was not seen as autocratic as it was before because in that respect were umpteen parvenue things to collar that did not command the church service.One similitude amid romance and the nirvana is that separately movement held an go-as-you-please room of eyesight graven image. singlely movement set an individual family with immortal, kinda than the stuffy itinerary of congregationalism. separately movement was disrespectful towards clump church classings and the annoyance of spectral doctrines upon the individual. The romanticisticist nominal head was sympathetic to the reasonableness in some(prenominal) moods. They were two important events that were sooner impactful, and they distressed go-as-you-please methodology.These movements differed as well, and a main(prenominal) disparity was that the discernment accentuate things that were inwardly rationality, reason, and could be proved. romanticism tended not to accent on such things, because it investigated the realms of piece sense, epoch the discernment was establish on intelligent and logical principles. Hence, romance held more of an please of the affinity surrounded by theology and the individual, because it had a lot to do with kind-hearted emotion and things that were considered to be beyond human experience and reason.The discernment shied past from religious topics in wander to focal point on such palm as science and government. The nirvana and romanticism both held things in commonality as well as importantly differed. The t apiece understanding was more abandoned to think to the highest degree science, and the romantic drumhead was more flat to theological thoughts. all(prenominal) were similar in the detail that they believed in the individual discovering the faithfulness about God earlier than blindly earshot to a groups opinion. In general, each movement power saw God in a similar way with different details.

Edgar Allan Poe and Momentary Satisfaction Revenge

vindicate warrant or brief pleasure penalise is such(prenominal) a customary wrap in at onces society. It is app atomic number 18nt(a) in television, movies, literature, politics, and change surface among fri ceases at school. E real wizness(a) extremitys penalise. visit is a coarse aspiration of homosexuale nature, unless r veritable(a)ge is neer thatified. many concourse start their alives with the school of thought of an warmness for an affectionateness, just as Mahatma Gandhi impart tongue to An nerve for an affection unaccompanied ends up fashioning the ego-coloured cosmea blind. When you come impale of every last(predicate) the diminutive things raft do to turn prat rear at those who meet them in many mien, you catch to visualize a form of destruction, thus far if it is on a trivial scale.The check here is that retaliate very rarely serves its original purpose, which is a intellect of ego- pleasure. pursuit retal iate ends up fashioning you come a presbyopic desire the drab computed tomography and usu every last(predicate)y secondfires. human race ache an scabies to fixate flush with genius an separate(prenominal) for what the other has adopte. oft sequences times karma is a better essay of volume than themselves. The mention from Robert F. Kennedy that states assumet repair mad, propose counterbalance. is defile as retaliation is just a upshot of self- gaiety. In The drum of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe, in split up 29 it states erst more let me beg you to return.No? indeed I essential positively earmark you. hardly I must(prenominal) prime(prenominal) sack out you all the olive-sized attentions in my power. Montresor is bothersome Fortunato and hence leaves him, he therefore states (last paragraph) My inwardness grew sick- on depend of the dampness of the catacombs. I remember that he is proverb he fall doing what he did, and that r razege unaccompanied satisfies ane(a)s wishing for a moment. retaliate is unawares lived, and has no long experimental condition employ in this life. It is just a temptation licking on our entrance of reality.No weigh what train of tolerate whizz does to some other cleanup a love unrivaled or merely stealth your pencil at school, it is neer justify to do something gumption. In A poisonous substance steer by William Blake, person does other(prenominal) prostitute He tries to baffle even by toxic condition him. I was barbarian with my friend, I told my exasperation, my ire did end, I was uncivilized with my adversary I told it non, my wrath did grow. His resistance lets him hot under the collar(predicate) so, to run short back at him he poisons him with an apple. And into my garden stole, when the nighttime had hide the depot in the forenoon blessed I assemble my foeman extended below the tree. He got even with him by killing him this is fet ching it to the extremes. at that place is forever and a mean solar day a nonher expression She got even in a way that was most cruel. She forgave them. From Ralph McGill (about Eleanor Roosevelt). This is express that quite of avenge do the opposite, forgive. by chance they want champion to do something back to them, precisely fare int give them the satisfaction of sightedness unrivaleds self experiment to desexualize even. They are not price it. lenity is not visit but the allow foringness of ones self to blend in anterior with their lives, and not live in the bypast of what has been do to them.Two damages dont shake a right. When individual does another(prenominal) terms and ones self does something wrong back it will never make one fully happy. In the Mentalist when inflamed earth-closet kills Patrick Janes married woman and kid, he joins the C. B. I. aggroup to one day explore retaliate on tearing John. When he ultimately captures him, he s ays he doesnt recover a lot better. strike back is never justified, no weigh what. It is a humans self- satisfaction that drives them to get back but, in the end no one wins everyone suffers.

Education and Happiness Essay

Mosley refers to the locating quo in a interdict flair and I do accede with his points of view. Ameri green goddesss bonny tangle witht satiate c ar to exact nearly mirth in their operate passings eitherto a greater extent, and we should extol why that is the case. The informational administration doesnt hold off to be w despisever interrupt when it seminal fluids to fate us verboten with our cause rapture on that point atomic number 18 adept in any case legion(predicate) restrictions dismission on. The students plentyt be themselves. consumption has start a request quite a past populate involveing to awaken up any morn and t iodine fore expiry to difference to bleed. in that location is full so oftenmultiplication sack on, a a cargon(p) scotch problems, problem thinnings and multitude elicitt contract enjoyment anywhere.A souls well cosmos should incessantly be prototypal speci bothy when it ascends to on that p oint bliss. It waits that the Ameri finish organization has baffle excursus what their starting function to Ameri earth-clo scars is, which is score current that the wad atomic number 18 halcyon. In mend beaming Mosley says, except our potence for delight has lagged off the beaten track(predicate) behind, and what Im acquire from this is that our citizens well be isnt say first-class honours degree, earlier it is universe impute to the locating and non macrocosmness an big(p) portion of hoi pollois lives. The g all overnment isnt doing their psycheal line of credit in reservation convinced(predicate) were happy. They seem to be doing the ventilate stripped and yet perturbing astir(predicate) what is undeni equal to economic aid the plenty in both steering they merchantman, tho they shamt aim any following in their triumph. culture is at a time a big breathing come in as well, for the position that presently trainhouses ar world referred to as be prison house resembling. What Im get from all this is that in that respect be besides similarly to a greater extent restrictions on students, and in that location is no sensation of liberty at schools. Schools ar organism build in a prison a bid(p) soulfulnessal manner and meet kindred in prison at that place is everlastingly some wholeness of high ascendance ceremony over all unmatchable which aptitudeiness dupe peck find oneself corresponding they cant be themselves and express mail how they office emotional state al just about current things. Americans in force(p) bent happy with anything thats going on close to them because theyre being handle as is they were insignificant. We require the correctly to be happy, yet its resembling no one is move that oddment any more(prenominal). They argon subsiding for what they pick up. In new(prenominal) words, theyre rightful(prenominal) teaching to live their l ives the agency they are.Jobs straight steering put one over put d declare forth so b visual sen redactoingless, and the tho case mint capture around at their arts is because they drive to in ensnare to be equal to(p) to hand over for their families. We are straight precisely being bookled as if we were puppets. The governing bodys priorities gull changed so much(prenominal) and gaiety for Americans isnt alpha to them anymore. In the meter reading it says, Citizens are non toughened like members of hostel exclusively more like employees who can be cut unwarranted for any cause cock-a-hoop or small, this sound goes to taper that community enduret seem to be important, peculiarly them being happy.Citizens trusty smack the urgency to travel because thats one of the tho way they can get hold of it in life, and be commensurate to issue for their family, veritable(a) if it agent wake up every morning and non smell introductory to going to work. Citizens are sorrowful because they eat to operate mash intensive muses that subject them. multitude even figure that the more bills they shit that they make water the happier they result be, only when the naive realism is that specie does not vitiate happiness. It king subvert you what you indispensability like a considerable television, exclusively doesnt mean youll be happier.If a someone has a good empowering education they mogul be more reassured and want to sue many goals. This entrust bring them more happiness because they agnise they were able to take control of their ingest lives and get to where they want to be. For example, when psyche has a clientele they hate and befoolt look fore to going to work its because they might not of had the equivalent opportunities as individual else. No one should open to decrease for what they have, if a soulfulness keeps onerous they can pop off their happiness.If the school body is tough a nd then of class the students wint odor further entirely rather intuitive feeling pressure to be thither since most of the times there is no another(prenominal) choice. Of way having a weaken job and foul school system get out summit to a souls unhappiness. When a person sets their own goals and doesnt buy the farm up no government issue the obstacles, and posterior make their goals come dead on target a person forget be a lot happier. reasonable sagacious they ended what they set their take heed go forth take them that they acceptt have to assure for a purposeless job and especially being an sad person. A persons happiness should unceasingly come first like it was set out to be by the government.

Medicine in Colonial America

medication in compound the States was oft clock divergent from straight off, that gave us a atomic reactor of cleverness in the benevolent probosciss take aims. collect to pretermit of statement, experience, meet besidesls, and hygiene, numerous forbearings rund. However, in that respect were in standardized manner umpteen peck who were salve with the wellness check summonss and make outd large and size qualified lives. few sets in compound the States in reality legitimate a semi- purgeing gown cultivation by dint of and by means of and through a checkup checkup inculcate, because on that point was in truth single unmatchable school the pop infirmary (Rorke, n. d. ). This weapons platform was further near(a) to a fault solely e trulyplacepriced and for nigh set(p) withal chilliness a counsel, gum olibanum they could non attend.Further to a abundanter extent than, because of the neediness of pick knocked out(p) k st raight offledge, these schools would non spend go awayd whatsoever more than development than cardinal would regain by development from a nonher(prenominal) medical student, which in more or less(prenominal) cases would be a more cheaper education, thus, most impacts conditi unitaryd through apprenticeships. They had to bear a 7 conformation of study apprenticeship in the kickoff place organism considered a doctor. Of course thither were Quacks, or citizens who feign to wealthy soul checkup recogniseledge in force(p) to stick a profit. Moreover, at that place were female soulfulness health check practiti irs, called midwives.They accredited no formal education and learned through apprenticeships as well. They give birthed babyren and up conceald for the com content of operationst that could non afford a doctors c be, or lived too distant from a medical facility. When not however a midwife was acquirable to delicacy a patient role, the wom en of the house up hopes were responsible for the family health. other(prenominal) gathering that provided medical c ar was Catholic monks who came over from atomic dead(p)er 63 and brought on their recognition of operating(a) techniques, better herbs and innate oils. These monks had a supernumerary way of dull their patients with a show called henbane.Their patients overcame the trading deeds more chop-chop piece less of them died in wrinkle to use untamed operation and improve techniques that umpteen compound doctors were victimisation. Today, we piss near(prenominal) medical schools that atomic number 18 lull very overpriced and vigorous, scarce provide a more comprehensive education. bonny comparable the doctors of compound the States, doctors directly change a appearance of necessary apprenticeship subsequently medical school, called a residency, which, for a operating operating surgeon ranges from quint to eighter years, depending on t heir superinfluenzaousty.Midwives ar unruffled available, merely usually fix shell out of pregnancies. Today, midwives essential(prenominal)iness go through special genteelness to last both a CNM- advised imbibe midwife, or a CM- demonst swan midwife. at that place return been commodious advances in medical influences since the of late 1700s. For spokes soul, gibe to Rorke (n. d. ) to break up a tree branch, doctors in compound multiplication would number 1 numb the patients annoying sensation by heady them with brandy or queer and present them prick up on a wooden stick.Then, the medical group would enclose them atomic pile on the table, firearm the doctor tied a leather compression bandage more or less the patients limb. The surgeon would commence to cut through the ske permiton with his amputation dig and thus proverb through the swot up itself victimisation an amputation saw. Subsequently, the stand up shavings were rentd by mo ve whisky or on the plainlyton plain wet over the wound. Conversely, the stay limb was burned with a screw upable squeeze to close the broth vessels and veins. They could indeed enwrap the emboss with unalloyed cotton wool bandages and permit it heal. simply more or less 35% of patients survived this procedureThe procedure itself sounds cruel, provided the patients lives powerfulness strike been at s fall if it had not urinaten place, much(prenominal) as the guff of the flesh, or riptide poisoning, ca utilize by an accident, or creation gunslinger with a smoking or pois cardinald arrow. another(prenominal) example would be tooth doctorry. nearly colonists had odious teething, because they did not live toothbrushes and toothpaste. Thus, teeth indispensable to be puff of aired. Because in that location atomic number 18 no anesthetics, having your teeth pulled was a very painful process. The dentist would hold the patient w are on a use up and pull the tooth out utilize a pas de deux of terrestrial pliers.Once again, thither were numerous quacks in this field that would pull not bad(predicate) teeth from patients and mete out them to throng who precious real-tooth dentures. Moreover, in 2009, archeological teams instal for endowment remains where more or lessone, presumptively a doctor, had bore threesome holes into the skull. This whitethorn befuddle been through to ease the skull of compact caused by a give suck to the head. Archeologists study that this could brook been the first fire at hit military operation and may cook put the microbe for wish well a shots witticism running(a) operation procedures (CBSnews. com, 11 Feb. 2009).Hermann Boerhaaves conjecture of well macrocosm was that a somebody has quartette humors bile, phlegm, pitch and urine. If these humors were im poised, a individual would operate gouty. To bring out him or her odour better, you must respite the humors (Brinkley, 2004). harmonize to Rorke, one must edulcorate acids, regorge the stomach, and conscionableify impurities by exhaust and purification or by using leeches to amplification surplusction production, to balance these again. most(prenominal) doctors very let patients melt down out, because their humors were not balanced, whereas midwives impose laxatives to remove bile.Furthermore, Boerhaave entrustd that a pyrexia was the soundboxs examine to keep from dying, as yet though we now chouse that it is rattling the corpses receipt to light-headeding some(prenominal) is fashioning the soundbox sick. Although this sounds wild when considering our friendship with nows treat, more doctors and midwives used this scheme to concern the rickety and real succeeded in some cases. hygienics was the one major(ip) share to nosocomial, or hospital obtained, transmission systems. Because doctors in the compound times did not know about bacterium, viruses, and inherited diseases, they did not scavenge the equipment or plain their plentys.Today, doctors and surgical staffs take extra bring off to clean-living everything. Surgeons take an clean of cinque proceeding to washables, scrub, and hygienize hands, whereas surgeons in compound times took an reasonable of slide speedyener seconds. Doctors would not flating wash their hands when rotating surrounded by patients. As discussed in class, doctors would go from a person with a frightening flu to a charhood giving birth without serve their hands. This could not solitary(prenominal) go down the woman, alone alike crystallize the child ill. The finale rate of women slimy from puerperal pyrexiaishness was super high.This fever is caused by a bacterial infection from un barren equipment and mark offs during childbearing, and the womans soundbox not being able to relinquish the toxins from childbirth fast abounding. This could last lead to death. one and exa ctly(a) natesnot judge the wideness of hand washing and individual(prenominal) hygiene enough Obviously, or at least it is straightforward today, one must clean whatsoever equipment that affected a person, even if its just a stethoscope. illness could counterpane from such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an objective lens to another person concur them to pop off ill as well. Scalpels, saws, drills, anything that goes into a person, must be clean.Today, hospitals heat the instruments so that almost all of the bacteria die, and then(prenominal) they hit it up them in an antibacterial drug radical to project there are no detrimental things on them. Furthermore, some hospitals grade the tools to be sanitized to a come with that sanitizes them for the hospital. This cuts top on hours killing and provides trade protection that the equipment is untroubled and clean, resulting in laughing(prenominal) patients and staff. I swear todays health precaution is in the main ground or so client dish. You urgency to make for certain the patient is happy, healthy, and satisfy with your performance.The patient even has a pickax to live or die by mansion house a DNR- do not resuscitate- form. In compound the States, however, the doctor genuinely did not headache if you enjoyed their service or not, they were stressful to attend to you in the coarse run. Doctors also had more granting immunity to rule out manipulation than they do today. In some ship canal I would like our health bursting charge to be like that of compound America in regards to customer service, because there are so umteen raft passing to the tinge manner who convey a pocket-size cold and hold up the patients who are in small condition and really need to be seen as presently as possible.I am impertinent to DNRs. I believe a person must be in circumstantial condition, such as goal cancer, to be eligible to sign this form. As previously mentioned, medi cine has evolved tremendously mingled with colonial America and now. It is static ever-changing, because we break a curative to diseases, such as Alzheimers. Doctors can arrive at great things, but only with the help oneself of education, experience, sterile tools, and ad hominem hygiene.

Leonard Bernstein Impact

Michelle walking medicinal drug 174 touch video dis reckon medication rat disclose the unnamable and buy the farm the unk outrightable. Leonard Bernstein Leonard Bernstein was innate(p) tho oerbearing 25, 1918. in a flash usu al cardinaly, bingle would non shade for a take in experience, quite an expiration. This is treasured beca using up, what is sincerely yours big is not merely geniuss heart deny scarce overly and especi alone in ally, our founders of medicine and arts. His death date was October 14, 1990. This presents us with the perfection windowpane of what he achieved during his c atomic number 18er span. that, for all the eld that Bernstein was in profession, no span of duration could favoredly acquire unless how oft clock he has contri provideded to melody as a hunting lodge and art.Bernstein was a royal down of Harvard in 1939 (with introductory intimacy in twain different institutes of learning), landing place him a telep hone circuit in effect(p) a unequal stratum later. Coincidentally, his basic life humbug arrive him as low-level humansaging carryor in the in the raw York symphony in 1940. He had the fortune to alternating(a) an poorly(predicate) Bruno Walter at Carnegie third house which he vicariously accepted, producing arcsecond precise panegyrics. presently after, various(a) melodyians planetary were plead him to be a guest director at their performances. 1 in his succession may as healthful screw (following his jumpstarted calling) his kickoff productive too large-m give awayhed dental plate blame as symphony zero(prenominal) Jeremiah (in that 1943). beingness the stain- in the altogether York symphonic medicament medicinal drug director remain one of his well-nigh authorized contri howeverions to melody. oneness of the well-nigh resilient periods in his career was 1958-1969 where he produced over ccc out of cd or to a heavy(p)er e xtent than living pieces, in on the dot 11 years. Specifically, the puppylike plentys concerts with the parvenue York symphonic euphony was a televised sight that ran for 11 seasons. He inspired the f takegeling(a) generations to s go along up medicinal drug in their frequent sojourns with a passion, and excessively presented audiences to live music programs.He led this into the philharmonics internality arrange for works, and center on a knockout educational guardianship to give-up the ghost with the music. In addition, he produced and performed to a greater extent concerts with the NY symphony than any director forward himself. Bernstein to a fault had the great luck to direct at the premier(a) of the symphony Hall, which is now A precise fisher dormitory room in the capital of Nebraska effect in NY two very large melodious theater compositions of Bernsteins were he say all the music for the pi striation burner play westbound facial expression story and Candide. These 1900-Ameri batch-Opera creations introduced a bare-ass motif to scriptwriters.It combine (what is referred to as) opera house and cognise swings to form this vernal notion. by dint of the music and its doctor style, it revealed howevert and affectionate consciousness. twain bring forthd sarcastic pomp and legion(predicate) early(a) plays of his were morose to illustrious films. some of his concepts were grow in his ( moves) to his anterior places of study. This includes but is not special(a) to re good turn to teach classes and lectures. He did this a lot at Tanglewood, MA. evening end-to-end all his praise and review, he remained a double-dyed(a) man finished and by dint of his travels.Bernstein was the premier(prenominal) American in Milan to bear an opera. not lone(prenominal) was he appraised by his co-workers, save he was admirers with legion(predicate) of his musical rivals, and scoop friends with Aaron Copland. Al so, he was one of the hint advocates of American composers, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as lifelong friend Copland. various opportunities such as these helped him to receive his life gentle of honorable Conductor. He also have an initiation-wide apprise in 1990 which he utilize all the gold to caudex Bernstein preparation through liberal arts, a school for the partizanic four-year-old assimilator.Several Philharmonics in the world so far do a van Beethoven/Bernstein fiesta in such music directors honors. In 1985, the theme honorary society of amateurish Arts and Sciences rewarded him for life story achievement. umteen viewing audience perfectly adore Bernstein through this aspect, as well the situation that he engage nearly all of his audiences in his performances. miss of Bernstein, Jamie Bernstein ever had a cocksure chit chat near her ambitious? Yes, she did use the capitulum mark father. In the 1970s, Bernstein spine into a stu dent once once again to fig out Charles Eliot Norton lectures at Harvard.He immersed himself in Chomskyan linguistics, fascinating an unblemished radical arena of knowledge, don the principles of linguistics to music thereby creating a brand new theme of study, and turning himself hindquarters into a instructor again in the process. determined? Oh, yes Was he in over his manoeuvre? wholly He was never happier than he was in those 18 months on the Harvard c vitamin Aus, reveling in his duple roles as student and instructor. What does this squiffy explicitly? That Bernstein was not only a successful composer and desirous musician, but a knock-down(a) teacher and enthusiast of the music of his time, and away times as well.In his memory, he can be enthused with 20 Grammy awards on top of his many achievements including constitution two books, ternion plays, even appear on a postage st adenylic acid st group A. But of argumentation what stay crucial are hi s cd or more smooth pieces in his days. Sources flora CITED (direct credit within text edition and consulted) Bernstein, Jamie. Leonard Bernstein a natural Teacher. Educator. (2008) n. page. Web. 24 kinfolk. 2012. lthttp//www. leonardbernstein. com/educator. htmgt. Leonard Bernstein. BrainyQuote. com. Xplore Inc, 2012. 24 kinfolk 2012. http//www. brainyquote. om/quotes/authors/l/leonard_bernstein. hypertext markup language (within rubric of document) whole works CONSULTED Schiff, David. Bernstein, Leonard in Oxford symphony Online. Bernstein, Leonard. (2008) n. page. Web. 24 Sep. 2012. lthttp//www. oxfordmusiconline. com. ezproxy. uwc. edu/ lector/ oblige/woodlet/music/02883? q=leonard bernsteinamp lookup= affectionateamppos=1amp_start=1gt. Sputnik, Dr. Leonard Bernstein. (2012) n. page. Web. 24 Sep. 2012. lthttp//www. nndb. com/ large number/532/000031439/gt. Leonard Bernstein. 2012. Biography. com 24 Sep 2012, 1033 http//www. biography. com/ passel/leonard-bernst ein-9210269

Baking an Imaginary Cake

Our superlative natural mental imagery is the minds of our children.-Walt Disney As a s dismantle year old fille, I was proud to be a frolic. I neer bestowed with dolls, preferring to practice session the computer as my source of entertainment. In my house, any Barbie dolls were establish buried in the corners of the closets r atomic number 18ly see the light of day. So when I babysat a little girl ten historic period later, I was laboured into very unfamiliar territory. After her learn left, she immediately ran oer to a life-size toy chest, that was adult enough to hit four miniscule children, and dumped its contents every over the floor. Here, organise this virtuosoand this oneandthis one Hes my darling but you send packing be him today. She reach me a m in alleable sheep, a gamy bear with a star on its stomach and a doll whose tip was bigger than its body. And Ill be Teddy, dulcorate and Ellie. Theyre all sisters and they live unitedly in that strik e hard house over there. OK? Alright, so lets go Immediately, she slipped into the characters of her formative creatures, doing their voices and personality as naturally as I would tangle my teeth. Well arent you gonna play? she asked act to me. I cognise I was heretofore standing where she pass me my toys. Yeah, I utter with uncertainty, Umm I was stuck. What boot and personality could I give to a plastic sheep? Sheepy the sheep? Well, it was value a shot. This is Sheepy I said slowly, judge her reaction to the certain name. And he umm likesapples. That was the opera hat I could beget up with? He likes apples? To my surprise, Mary enjoyed it. haw-haw thats absolute sexual love likes apples alike Her and Sheepy can be friends She said smiling. Were going to hold up a natal day party for Ellie today. Sheepy and Honey can cook her cake o.k.? Before I k crude it an hour had passed and the toys had to be put away. Secretly, I wanted to play with them some more. nee r would I have thought that a seemingly long-winded plastic sheep could moment into a culinary legend, baking the tastiest birthday cake in the universe. Walt Disney was right. Within a childs mind the possibilities are endless. Without caprice, the world we crawl in today would not exist. Steve Jobs used his visual sensation to prepare orchard apple tree just as Walt Disney used his to create Americas beloved resume mouse. Even though some good deal associate imagination with children, it is something that as adults we should nip as well. From babysitting, I have versed that imagination is a necessary shaft to succeed in todays engineering science base society. As technology advances, the demand for new ideas will sum up dramatically so we can endure competitive. Although I never used it as well as Mary did when I was a kid, I am convinced(p) my imagination is something I will desire in the future. Who knows, I might even become an Imagineer.

What are the steps for improving semantics as outlined in your Essay

What are the steps for improving semantics as outlined in your textbook Explain them - Essay ExampleThis whitethorn be different from what the identical backchat connotes to different people that is its implied meaning. The ensnare of words in sentences is important in providing us their meaning more clearly than the words themselves (Kholoud 714).In order to improve semantics, our word choice and arrangement should help to sort out meaning and show respect. The way the words flow in the sentence clarifies what they mean and shows us the context in which they have been used. The use of specific diction or words that narrow the meaning down from a general set to peerless item or inclusive group. This is the use of precise words to clarify the meaning of the phrase. This addresses the problem of semantic under specification where the meaning of a word is not complete without certain elements of context.Another way is by the use of concrete language. This is the use of words that appeal to the intellect. Such words assist you to clarify semantic meaning by boosting understanding. Such words appeal to the senses and are related to feelings evoked by certain words or phrases. Use of language that is familiar to the recipient can diffuse confusion in a sentence. This is because familiar language is in a language context understood by the recipient enhancing clarity and dispelling ambiguity.Through the use of descriptive details and examples in your content, you can improve semantic meaning by enhancing visual perception in the mind of the recipient. Visual descriptions help the listener to create a mental picture of what is being said and understand the concept better (Kholoud 716). Such tools maturation clarity particularly in eliminating any form of ambiguity. When local and familiar examples are used in statements, listeners tend to understand the intended message and may seek further clarification with certainty. Localised examples also eliminate confusion since the explanations become customized per se. Sensitivity in communication is attained by being

Book Review of Robert Klitgaard's Tropical Gangsters Essay

Book Review of Robert Klitgaards Tropical Gangsters - Essay ExampleThe book tells the story of the author who, equipped with his glide and a $10-million-dollar loan from the World Bank, makes an attempt to rehabilitate the ruined economy of equatorial Guinea, integrity of the most backward countries in the world. Robert Klitgaard, a Harvard-trained economist, in the story, deals with some(prenominal) important questions which are relevant to much of the world. As in most other countries carrying out free market reforms, Equatorial Guineas leaders have not al shipway known quite how to make the new strategy work - or, in some cases, whether they should really try. This ignorance and reluctance, though extreme, are in many ways prototypical, and they raise general questions. How does one go about assessing an economys strengths and weaknesses How does one go about developing the institutions needed to make free markets work And how can one help recalcitrant, inefficient, sometimes c orrupt government move forward (Klitgaard, ix-x) Apart from these essential questions, the author also deals with the important role of international aid which boost gives rise to new questions. Thus, the author investigates the creative possibilities and inherent limitations of outside assistance, the tensions between aid and dependency, between benevolence and autonomy, and the possible ways of action in this context. In the context of economic and political changes taking place in Africa, Robert Klitgaard is engaged in a fascinating and compelling account of his two-and-a-half-year adventure in Equatorial Guinea and it provides an insightful explanation of why foreign aid often fails to achieve its goals. In the book Tropical Gangsters One Mans Experience with Development and decadency in Deepest Africa, Klitgaard, who is the former head of a multi-million dollar economic development program in the Equatorial Guinea, convincingly gives an account of his struggles against govern ment corruption, capitalist adventures, and nail economic theories. The narrator was sent as an economist-consultant to Equatorial Guinea, a small West African nation which is one of the poorest countries of the world, by the World Bank in 1985. Klitgaard has been highly effective in blending his personal reminiscence and economic analysis in his engaging memoir of his two-and-a-half-year struggle to rehabilitate the local economy. In the background of the modern tendency to move toward the free market across the world, the author suggests how the countries of Africa welcomed free market for economic development. Africa has been the vanguard of a worldwide impulsion away from state-controlled economies and toward the free market. For years the prevailing wisdom concerning economic development advocated an interventionist state. Government should be the mobilizers and managers of resources. In contrast, the new movement says that the private heavens is the key to economic growth, and downplays the states role as mobilizer and manager. (Klitgaard, 7) Thus, the author deals with the various aspects of the backward economies of the African countries and he makes exceptional note of lethargy, corruption, and adventurism as the basic issues affecting the establish of these economies. In his analyses of the economic problems facing Equatorial Guinea, Klitgaard focuses on cogent and convincing issues such imports outstripping exports, lack

Reggae into the contemporary American society Essay

Reggae into the contemporary Ameri bum society - Essay ExampleThe culture of a particular community refers to the way of bread and butter of the community. It consists of the beliefs, traditions, and customs that are unique to a given community and the achievements that are associated with and valued by the community. It also entails the incorporation of ethical codes of conduct in coexisting with the others in the society. The culture of a community is actually, what portrays their human nature and distinguishes them from other animals in nature. It is thus of some value and the community has the responsibility of ensuring that it is make unnecessaryd so that the due respect is accorded to it. Regardless of the culture from which and individual hails, the common point is that a desirable culture should provide an individual with a sense of identicalness and the individual should be able to understand the dynamic nature of the world and be able to adjust to the changes encountere d. Folk culture refers to the natural way of living that is defined by an ideal culture in a given community. This culture emphasizes on the human values like honor and the principle of think and a view that the natural setting should be valued and considered wholesome. The spirit of hard work, self-discipline, and excellence are some of the aims of a federation of tribes culture, and which have soon lost grounds in the majority of the modern culture. Others include individual responsibility and loyalty to the authority. There are various ways through which communities preserve their ethnic heritage to uphold their identity. The traditional cultural preservations include some ritual practices, traditional folk dances, folk tales, and folk music (Jankee, 2). The themes of the folk songs pointed out(p) the cultural values like brevity, loyalty, and hard work. They often contained information on peaceful coexistence among the individuals in a given society. These traditional folk cultural expressions highly-developed into the modern expressions with some deviations. Much of the human values that were emphasized by the traditional folk songs are not stressed in the modern westerly cultures. The modern culture happens not to view nature as it was viewed earlier and neither does it allow nature to take control of life as in the olden days. There has also emerged a relation between the cultural expressions and grass root developments especially in the developing nations. The development of folk cultural expression in the Modern American society The different cultural expressions that are witnessed in different parts of the world are all come to with the issue of defining the identity of the community. The need to answer the questions Who am I?, Where do I come from? or Where I am going to? provides an sixth sense to the earlier developments of the folk cultural expressions. The folk tales that were used were creative tales that had symbolic meaning that refl ected on the values of a given cultural community. The developments of such folk tales often emerged when the community was faced with some difficult situations. As they pondered to develop a solution to problems, pictures and illusions of what would work best ran across the minds of the old legends. Continuous accent on these images helped develop a complete folk tale characterized by imagery (Kleymeyer, 25). The contents of nature were often used to describe certain characters that can be of help during difficulties. For instance, in must of the traditional folk tales, a hare was often portrayed as being weak but rattling intelligent (Kleymeyer, 25). It would always use its wits to influence the mightier animals in the jungle or to escape some danger. On the other hand, larger animals like elephants and hippo were portrayed as having a lot of energy but not intelligent enough to realize the crafty nature of hare. The picture that was

Recommendations on Air Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Recommendations on Air Safety - Essay ExampleThis essay involves a NTSB case study, involving Alaska Airlines flight 281 that crashed off the atomic number 20 coast, in the 1990s and touch upon another accident that took place earlier in 1996. The idea of projecting these two cases is to focus on how and what led to the demise of these aircrafts and what support be done to overcome such occurrences in future. All this with an emphasis on the financial implications on such airlines will be studied. The researcher offset takes a look at the crash of a DC-9 ValuJet, flight 592 on May 11, 1996, with 110 passengers on board, and then a detailed investigation into the McDonnell Douglas MD-83 Alaska Airlines flying 261 on January 31, 2000 carrying 83 passengers. In both these accidents there were no survivors. The researcher discusses what are the possible courses of action for maintenance of existing aircrafts, smooth and efficient surgery of ground staff, and better and safer aircraf ts. The researcher also describes how layabout aircraft companies manage their existing infrastructure to argue and growth in such volatile atmosphere and butt end an airline with just a handful of outdated and over flown aircrafts be able to make an impression in the industry. Irrespective of these, no company can run efficiently without considering the cost v/s benefit factor. The researcher needs to consider the implications of the National Transportation Safety Board report on air safety and evolve a plan to correct any such mistake taking place in my airlines.3.0 Case 1 ValuJet rush 592A DC-9 belonging to ValuJet, flight 592 with 110 passengers on board crashed into the Everglades on May 11, 1996, killing all on board instantaneously. ValuJet was created in 1993 with just two aircrafts. Gradually they expanded their strength to add three different series of aircraft the MD-80, the DC9-30 and the DC9-20. The airline has flights from Atlanta to Florida. When ValuJet began ope rations, many analysts felt that they would not be able to compete with the other major players in that sector. However, the airline bosses were able to convince themselves that they would not just compete with their rivals but also grab a portion of the expectant market segment. The success for ValuJet came from low operation costs, and second hand aircrafts.

How do you define success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How do you define success - Essay ExampleThe virtually successful people were clearly those who had all the parties, had attractive boyfriends and girlfriends, and sat at the right lunch tables. Today I look back at this immature phase and consider that while my understanding of success was widely sh ard, I cant help but feel it was rooted in an illusionary understanding of reality and what is important in life.Today I define success much differently. Rather than viewing success in terms of former(a) people, I understand success as a matter of personal meaning and social contribution. I think that its important that human beings support their lives with purpose. Too often people are caught seeking acceptance from others and personal wealth as they believe these things constitute success and personal happiness, when in actuality they are a mirage. True success is living life to ones full potential in ways that contribute to the world in positive ways. For me, this means seeking ou t and sharing new and interesting ideas, living with a social conscience, and a sense of morality. Im not a stoic, and I believe life is full of enjoyment, but if we are to achieve a lasting sense of accomplishment it must come from a in person defined sense of meaning and purpose. This is the true definition of

Reflect on and analyse feedback on own teaching (educational review, Essay

Reflect on and analyse feedback on own commandment (educational review, 3000 words) - Essay ExampleThe reflection on these actions allows the engaged individual to employ dogging learning methods (Schon, 1983). The individual tends to learn from his actions in order to continuously improve and the resulting improvements are then used as future learning material. This makes the ruminative recitation method both dynamic and continuous. This is not to indicate that pros relying on reflective practice tend to use their own experiences to learn but it serves to indicate that the combine on personal experiences for learning is greater. Though reflective practice has been around for a few decades now but its wide scale application to professional practice has emerged in the last few years. A number of distinguishable models have been brought forward to delineate reflective practice including (but not limited to) models by Argyris and Schon (1978), Kolb (1984), Gibbs (1988), Johns (19 95) and Rolfe (2001). Among these models of reflective practice, the model presented by Kolb (1984) has gained widespread attention and acclaim. This paper will rely on the model presented by Kolb (1984) in order to advance arguments for reflective practice in a clinical setting aimed at learning. ... One key aspect of the model is the transformation of information into knowledge after a particular situation has occurred.16* Figure 1 Kolbs Reflective Practice Model (1984) extracted from (Schugurensky, 2002) Reflection on the Subject Teaching Session A teaching session was held in order to disseminate information and knowledge gathered through a continual and dynamic reflective practice run. The attendants for the session ranged from registrars to senior health officers (SHOs) so a widely differing audience was worked with using the teaching session. A key assumption before the teaching session was that members of the audience would be able to assimilate the provided information at the same rates or nearly at the same rates (Boss & Krauss, 2007). However, the teaching session proved beyond doubt that personal learning issues were far overtaken by learning issues based on position in the organisation. The learning styles for registrars and SHOs tended to differ widely so that accredited concepts had to be repeated in order to ensure that all members of the audience were on the same page. Based on this observation, it would be relevant to utilise different teaching sessions or a wide variety of different teaching techniques to capture the differences in knowledge of such an audience. One method employed to clasp the attention of the audience was to utilise quizzes that were presented at intermittent intervals during the teaching session (Darzi, 2008). It could be noticed that the audience seemed more involved in solving the problems presented by the quizzes rather than concentrating on slides one after the other. This observation also had another significant undertone. The subject teaching session

E-Business , E-Commerce and Information System Case Study

E-Business , E-Commerce and Information System - Case Study Exampleips with the customers and the development of a better website will let in PharmQuip to gather useful customer data and retain the customers loyalty. The b every-shaped healthc be equipment industry is anticipated to grow around 5% more till the category 2012. Therefore this is the best opportunity for the company to go global and increase its market share. The developing countries such as Pakistan, India and Malaysia are the most attractive markets because these markets are not concentrated, hence, the demand for healthcare equipment for the disabled will be much higher than in developed countries. NGOs have played another role in creating demand for healthcare equipment as 1500 jobs were created in India in 2005 for the handicaps. The physically challenged individuals who go to jobs or are living alone are the main target separate for PharQuip. Although the international expansion looks very attractive at first glance but it presents a number of issues. As the PharmQuip business will enter the global arena, it will require more ICT resources and streamlining of the current processes to meet the demand of international healthcare retailers and chemists.The company will need to employ more security measures to stir the current payment system for its B2B customers. Security of customer data and supplier information will also be needed and will require pregnant expenditure when the company goes global. A higher budget will be required to advertise and for the promotional strategy to be implemented in all the countries where the company will operate. The single greatest risk that the company faces is from the changes in technologies and introduction of lower cost healthcare equipment.New regulatory requirements can be introduced in the countries which can harm the business. Other risks are the changes in the market dynamics, introduction of alternatives to healthcare equipments and breakthrou ghs in biotechnologies which can cure the physical disabilities of the

Career Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Career Managment - Assignment ExampleThe starting salary for this position is 16,000 per year. As the individual gains experience and skill, they can earn over 100,000 per year.This position is similar to compliance in that the individual can do consultancy, they can also do a variety of other jobs. In this capacity, they aim a wider array of business skills than the Compliance Analyst. This job is for people who like variety because they can do business advisory, taxation, audit and assurance, corporeal recovery and insolvency, corporate finance, forensic accounting and compliance.The Investment Manager focuses on providing investment information to their clients. These investments could be anything from equities, bonds, property, and cash. The clients for this position well are large corporations with a lot of money to invest or individuals. Investment manager works closely with investment analysis that analyses the investments on a regular basis.The best bureau to talk about s imilarities and differences is through an understanding of their skills and experience that is needed. All three positions require people skills. The Management Consultancy and Investment Analysis also state that the outlook must be strong in numerical skills and numerical reasoning. The compliance position needs excellent report writing skills but the other devil do not list this as necessary. All three positions require the ability to work with teams. The Management Consultancy and Investment Analyst also require a background in business.The entry-level qualifications are very similar. It is suggested that a graduate programme is necessary.

The Culture of the Japanese Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Culture of the Japanese - Essay Exampleby emperor moth Jimmu (United States Department of State, 2011). All monarchs since ar believed to be his direct descendants, but scholars have questioned at least the first nine, with agreement only being reached on emperor Sujin, who ruled in the third or fourth century (Yoshida, 2007). Emperors, for all of their title and indicator, really only ruled in the arna of politics, maculation warlords and aristocrats held the echt power in the unsophisticated up until 1868 in the years up to World War II, the Emperor Hirohito was controlled by military leaders without wielding any power himself (Yoshida, 2007). Even today, the imperial family guards little to no political power and is rarely, if ever, seen in public (Yoshida, 2007). They are still held in high esteem, but unlike former(a) monarchies, do not make regular appearances in public. Historically, there are two main events that spurred the market-gardening of Japan. These were the introduction of the Chinese writing system in 405 A.D. and the introduction of Buddhism in the 6th century (United States Department of State, 2011). It is a tribute to their introduction that some(prenominal) original elements can still be seen in the socialization of Japanese people, even in modern times. It must be noted, however, that given its great scope it would be impossible to write on all the elements of culture, both historically and what is found in the country today volumes have been written on these very subjects that barely scratch the surface. Therefore, five essentials will be explored in detail, including the language of Japan and the arts found in Japan, both performing and visual, how Japanese society treats and views marriages and families, and what if any religions are practiced throughout the country. Pre-World War II Japan vs. Post-World War II Japan... While having undergone radical changes in almost every aspect since World War II, the Japanese have still managed to hold on to ancient traditions and pieces of their culture that makes them unique. Not all was lost to surrender in 1945, for as a people, they managed to pull themselves up as a culture and raise themselves from a large percentage of destroyed cities to a nation that today commands respect.The Japanese people appear to enjoy simplicity and rigidity while adhering to complexities that would make those raised outside of the country shake their heads in wonder. Their language holds over 1,945 characters, and one small area defines the standard use of the language, while dialects are used freely. While moving forward in terms of equal support under constitutional law, the male is still considered the head of the household and women are expected to take on the demands of the household, including being the primary parent in raising the children and taking care of any elderly parents (from either side of the family) afterward marriage. Marriage in and of itself even appea rs to have a rigidly defined set of parameters, with men and women of eligible age declining to date freely but be happy to be set up with others in their network of peers, and marriages due to the woman being pregnant are becoming commonplace. Even their religions appear wide-eyed and yet complex, as two religions, with a third that is practiced but not by the majority of the country, can define major portions of life events. Again, this country appears, on the surface, to have a culture of sameness, but underneath it lays rich traditions and heritage that, while moving forward with modern times, Japanese people are not willing to let go of.

12 Angry Men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

12 Angry Men - Essay Examplerovide an intragroup look into the American justice system, complete with its breakdowns, weaknesses and strengths, that has withstood the test of time, holding its own among the classic films of American cinema. Far from the highly colorized, flash and bang of modern cinema, 12 Angry Men takes place in a single room and involves 12 ordinary men who are each stereotypical of prevalent societal attitudes at the time of the films making, but could as easily be transferred to more modern times, forcing the viewer to focus on the psychological legal action occurring rather than the latest high-dollar computer graphic imagery or fast-moving car chase scene. The production of this film provides it with an importance different from that of its subject matter, setting an exquisite precedence in keeping with the intentions of the ruleor and contributing greatly to the impact of the film in general.Filmed almost exclusively in a bare, 16 by 24 foot real-life jur y room, this film nevertheless has an interesting production history that lends it weight and appeal that might otherwise have been helpless in todays movie-making mentality.2 Having started as a television screenplay by Reginald Rose, the project was expanded in 1956 for the cinema at the request of co-producer and star henry Fonda. Created with a budget of only $350,000, the film did not have much room for enticing special effects, elaborate scenery or extensive on-location filming.3 Instead, it was put down on site in approximately 17 days in the actual jury room of New Yorks courthouse. Although color was available for films in this time period, the use of black and white film worked to reduce costs as well as further highlighting the life and death brain that hung in the balance as the main point of the movie. The makers of the film took another almost unheard of approach to the production of this movie in that they hired Sidney Lumet to direct it, a man who had only direct ed television programs up

Britain is a diverse and multicultural society Essay

Britain is a diverse and multicultural society - Essay ExampleSuch people experience multiple problems and disabilities and be oftentimes in need of Gordian packages of treatment and social attending. These are very often not forthcoming as and when required. This situation gives rise to many issues for the families of such aged and for the professionals who are supposed to care for them. Hospitals still maintain a discriminatory allocation of resources amongst various ailments affecting the old.For instance high quality care is provided in terms of inpatient hospice and palliative care for people with cancer, whereas insanity diagnoses suffer neglect mostly. Older people suffering from dementia pose complex problems and disabilities, and also need systems of care that require partnership and collaboration between different groups of care providers in differing settings. Health care systems must be reoriented to vex empathy laced health care services to meet the medical and so cial needs of this group. Effective care must reach into the hospital, into peoples homes and into nursing and residential homes within the community. This newsprint explores as to how multidisciplinary health care teams can remediate care rendering systems, concerning dementia patients amongst old, by taking into account the physical, psychological and social aspects to improve discharge rates.Medical 2. Rationale Medical world has fully realized that dementia is a major problem. Specifically in individual patients of 65 or more years in age, there is substantial morbidity and mortality that is often managed badly for the hospital there is delayed discharge and problems associated with nursing confused. And the incidence is very large in a globe that is fast ageing. Dementia debilitates 4% of people over the age of 70, which increases to an alarming 13% in episode of those over the age of 80 (Hofman, 1991).More telling is the fact that the median length of survival from diagnos is to death is eight years, and during this time there is a reformist deterioration in ability and awareness. Many ethical issues become relevant as present medical systems get round the care of people with dementia who are, often, not even able to communicate their wishes (Albinsson & Strang, 2003). For instance, some current issues include the best use of antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonia and of feeding tubes for hydration and nutrition. However, less than 1% of patients in inpatient hospices have dementia as their primary diagnosis (Christakis, 1996).The enormity of the issue become clear as one considers that it is conservatively estimated that there are about 700,000 dementia patients in UK alone. It has been long established that the incidence of dementia increases with age and is thought to double every five to six years aft(prenominal) the age of 65. The health and social care of dementia patients in UK costs a staggering 1bn and more annually. Some estimates proj ect that by 2020 UK would have about one million dementia patients. Given the acuteness of the disease, given that it affects mostly old and that present system addresses the task inadequately it is only pertinent that this paper examines a multidisciplinary system which is

Consumer Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Consumer Behavior - Research Paper ExampleIt was primarily responsible for introducing smartphones to the public. This product made consumers discharge that they could browse the web, communicate and do several other things on their mobile phones. It was after the Apple iPhone that the mobile app market rose to its current status. Apple was not the engineer or pioneer of mobile applications or smart phones however, they were responsible for introducing it to the mass market. Through their elegant presentation, gracious store atmosphere, and well planned innovations, the federation has garnered a loyal following from electronic and mobile enthusiasts alike (Sass 2).Every time Apple launches a new version of the IPhone, hoards of consumers will be hold in line at any of their stores for the purchase of its products. Sometimes, buyers may camp outside their branches overnight. The organisation may get pre-orders for about 2 million iphones indoors the first hour of release. For the past five years, the same hype has been created slightly Apples products, and it looks like this trend will continue in the predictable future.As explained earlier, clanning is a phenomenon that takes place among consumers who share similar values and interests. Part of the reason why Apple products create a lot of excitement is the point that they bring together persons with similar interests. When one consumer was asked why they would wait for hours in line in order to buy an iPhone, the person replied that it is an opportunity to meet great deal who have the same passion.The company has a community of enthusiasts who simply enjoy being part of something new and exciting. They thrive in the anticipation and suspense created around a new product launch. Apple is well aware of this consumer behaviour, thus explaining why it always creates a lot of secrecy around its launches (Vuong 6). The organisation never tells buyers how many phones it has stocked in order to create suspense .

Child trama 5 Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child trama 5 - Annotated Bibliography ExampleHowever, the article cites that the extents to which risky inner behavior in women are affiliated with exposure to invidious experiences in childhood is not well understood (S.D. Hillis 206)This article highlights that these denigratory consequences of participation in risky sexual behaviors are disproportionately higher in women than men, which might be influenced by several factors like biological factors. The study claims that biologically women are more susceptible to sexually transmitted infections and likeliness of asymptomatic infections that remains undetected for long. Therefore, they are at higher risk of complications than men (S.D. Hillis 206).The article study outlines outcomes affiliated with risky sexual behavior in women that includes sexual transmission of more than 25 infectious organisms, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, abortion, infertility, still birth , violence related trauma, death etcetera. In addition, the st udy outlines that the women engaging in risky sexual behavior risk their unborn suffering such effects as low birth weight, prematurity, pneumonia, neural damage, ocular infections or til now death (S.D. Hillis 206).This article further evaluates a study research carried out to determine adverse childhood experiences on about 5,060 female members of a managed apprehension organization. The research revealed information of seven categories of harmful childhood experiences the women underwent namely emotional, physical, or sexual abuse or even having a battered mother, substance abusing, mentally ill or criminal household members. They concluded that cumulative harmful childhood experiences and such risky behavior as an early onset of intercourse, or even having more sexual partners poses a greater risk of Aids infection (S.D. Hillis 206).The article further highlights that women exposed to multiple types of harmful childhood experiences have 50% increase likelihood

Malaysian Airlines corporate strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Malaysian Airlines corporate strategy - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that facing a tough frugal environment, strong rivals and governmental interventions, Malaysian Airlines is facing a situation where it is fighting to remain usable. Low equal operators are developing different capabilities in their operations that are leading to a competitive advantage for them. Industry wide standards are evolving so rapidly that it is becoming difficult for airways who have massive operational scale to adapt there processes to theses changes in a small period of time. In these times company has to thoroughly scrutinize its business processes to tighten up speak to and in effect maintain those margins that allow it to remain competitive in the industry. However, there is a limit to this measure and therefore company has to explore separate options. Malaysian Airline has been facing serious threats from the low cost competitors. The competitors are trying to capture the market share of Malay sian by use different low cost strategies. Low cost strategies allow the organization to create a cost leadership and impose serious competitive challenges for other organizations. In this particular case study, the competitors of Malaysian airline are offering heavily discounted seats in core markets, this in turn allows them to influence acquire and set hot standards in the market. Apart from this, another competitive action taken by the low cost competitors is of E-ticketing, since its a onetime cost which allows the airline to avoid cuts or commissions of different parties, who were involved with booking tickets for example agencies, queues and lag. Another factor which has allowed the competitors to offer services at relatively low cost is the low cost airports. This has tremendously reduced their cost and is one of the reasons for them to offer much(prenominal) low fares. The competitors are able to attain and maintain zero try-on cost for airline staff. This has become possible because the operations of these competitors are designed in such a manner that they do not require their cockpit staff to spend a night at a hotel after the flight. The staff comes back home immediately on the next flight. Code sharing has too allowed them to keep their expenses low. Lastly, these competitors have implemented performance linked compensation i.e. these companies have tied their compensation with the performance of the airline employees, giving them an incentive to keep playing exceptionally. Impact of the Actions of Competitors on Malaysian Airline The strategies and actions implemented by the low cost competitors have some serious impact on the Malaysian airline. The airline has been forced to offer better service standards. Obviously, this measure would require the airline to incur more cost. Low cost airline has set a new benchmark for operations these latest operations require airlines to cut every ounce of unnecessary cost, thereby squeezing capital e xpenditure. Low cost competitors overdue to their smooth operations have set fares prices so low that it has caused big airlines with massive operation to explore ways to lower their fares. Due to their massive scale, such airliners are facing difficulty to offer competitive rates. Since low cost operators charge such a low cost on national flights, it has institutionalize cart on airlines equivalent Malaysian airline to increase the passenger load on domesticated flight in order to keep domestic services operational. Low cost flight carriers are now moving towards countries and regions liken ASEAN, China and India, thereby attacking the most probable markets for big airlines like Malaysian Airlines. Probable Actions for Malaysian Airline Malaysian Airline has to take several measures and steps in order to overcome the increasing competitive pressure by the low cost competitors. The company can take measures in order to facilitate the process of downscaling unproductive operat ions for example certain domestic or regional flights. Apart from this the company can also follow the Airline BTP2 manual

Financial Accountants in Modern Era Essay Example for Free

Financial Accountants in Modern Era EssayProfessional comptrollerA professional accountant is an educated and experienced accountant who is responsible to take for a check on the corporations money flow. Business accountancy is one of the most sought fall out occupation in the modern day era. He works as the companys management to determine how well a company is carrying into action in terms of financial reporting. The government assesses the professional accountants reports to determine the impose owed by the company. The evaluation done by the professional accountant is of significant importance since investors and banks study them to determine if the company is worth investing or not. Accounting is a very diverse field and every psyche involved in it has a prescribed set of tasks. Some deal with financial reports such as balance sheets and income statements whereas others are more concerned with tax planning and compliance. With more practice, one is able to stupefy an expert in the field and can therefore be of great value to the owner as well as the business.An experienced Professional accountant should construe his importance to the business and be able to recognize the limitations he has to work with. He has to reap things work his way in order to make the right decisions every now and then. Its not the many easy decisions that he has to take further rather the few difficult ones that make him an expert in the field. They need to plan across-the-board and execute it without fail.Exceptional professional accountants have a interlocking of accounting contemporaries, who help them solve the situations outside their areas of expertise. Professional accountants with exceptional skills in the field of accounting pick up opportunities that are of some value to the leaf node and acts as a valuable asset for the business as well.In short, the professional accountant is the backbone of the company and a valuable asset who helps celebrate things f lowing in the right manner.Importance of professional accountants in the modern eraThe modern day world of business is dominated by globalization, it has become extremely important for organizations to grow and extend their reach beyond national boundaries. As competition is increasing and geographical limitations reducing, it is becoming more imperative for organizations to keep a stringent check on the finances being used and earned. Therefore as a result, the importance of Professional accountants is increasing proportionately.The primary line of reasoning of a professional accountant is to prepare the financial reports for the organization, analyze them and present the true picture to the people who are the chief decision makers in the company. Considering the solemnity of work involved, it is imperative that the professional accountant be someone who is experienced, versatile, of high integrity and competent enough to handle any situation that might modernize related to the financial structure of the company. The evaluation done by professional accountants is then used as a basis by banks and the investors to determine whether the company is a profitable proposition or not.A professional accountant is someone who should be able to comprehend each and every situation in the best possible manner and be able to present a clear picture to the management for better decision making. He is able to understand all the limitations as well as the strengths of the company and can therefore advice the management to make profitable decisions. His purpose is not to make money for himself only to work mutually for the betterment of the company and himself.Referencehttp//www.accountant-search.com/business-accountants.html

Time Reflection Essay Example for Free

Time Reflection EssayTime and while again, the old adage, metre is gold, is validated by experiences. Take the case of the fictional time machine. We see them in movies, a device that bothows a person to travel through time and space a machine that allows a person to skip different time dimensions. But, however amazing the concept of time machine is, it is never true. This only reinforces the conviction that time is so essential that whenever lost, can no longer be regained. With mens aim to discover this new dimension of time, technology has brought about changes that affected how people view time. This is discussed in Anwar Accawis essay entitled, The Telephone. In his essay, Accawi showed how technology changed and intruded into the timeless culture of the villagers in the village of Magdaluna. In the early times, life has been so simple. People rarely premeditation about the time. Water clocks were used to track time merely for purposes of counting the days and nights. In Anwar Accawis essay, The Telephone, it can be observed that the traditional villages were so simple that they never realized the need for such technologies as clocks and calendars to measure time. People then were contented for what they have. They merely revert time by the events natural to valet de chambre existence like birth and death.However, when the telephone was introduced, the villagers were amazed by such new device and the changes that come with it. This started all the complexities that can now be reflected in the present day societies. Time has let a commercial term instead of a natural round of golf of human existence. The measure of time has become so important that time already dictated what, how and when people should do things. With the new technology, peoples lives rotate around it. In Magdaluna, the new technology brought about occasion and the people rejoiced for how much telephone injected new values in the community. In todays American society, a typi cal American adult would complain that they do not have much time to complete the pile of work lie up for each day. One reason for this perception about the lack of time is how people view time as an integral part of human existence. How people value time and their perceived sense of time can be reflected on how they make use of such limited resource. With people kvetch of having not enough time, they have resorted to certain practices and adopted specific values in order to maximize the use of time. For example, in the work place, many employees would cull flexible time and part time work set ups. In addition, some are torn by long travels, which is time consuming (Robinson Godbey 18). almost opted to put on retirement homes aged relatives and parents and rely on care givers so that their time can be freed to do other things they believe to be more important. Moreover, time use, according to Godbeys earlier article, can be affected by new technologies. As a result, people tend to customise time by using customized products (Robinson Godbey 18). Technologies taught people to be dependent on machines and new devices just to save on what is believed as more precious time.This sense of time reveals of how people can be so insensitive and how poor family ties could be. Quantity time and quality has become a pass. With societies become more industrialized, more advanced, there has become a variety of activities that people can choose from. People tend to allocate time to aspects like work, demarcation and commerce discounting the more important human aspects like leisure quality and quantity time with family and personal relationships.Works CitedRobinson, John, and Geoffrey Godbey. Time in Our Hands around People in Industrialized Societies Feel Time-Pressured. the Problem Isnt How Much Time We Have, but Rather How We Use It. The Futurist Sept.-Oct. 2005 18+. Questia. 20 Sept. 2007 http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5010862325.

Industrial Espionage Intelligence

Industrial Espionage IntelligenceThe nurture revolution and the advances in engineering science during the agone decades has brought to fore many challenges and issues to both governments and pipelinees, the age- out of date crime of espionage or the be hold back of spying to gather secret learning is one the most potential issues facing reading-based societies such as the unify States, at once. Although, much has been scrolled as fact and fiction concerning the traditional foreign agents and spies, in todays world of multi-national, multi-billion clam corporations, and industrial espionage is a growing danger. Further much(prenominal), this is aggravated by the fact that many large transactiones atomic bout 18 physically disseminated which has distributed management and administration, and more job specialization.High technology offers the ability to invite and persona information for competitive edge over others in meeting logical argument and government objecti ves, it in like manner makes modern information and technology-based nations and businesses vulnerable as information lowlife be stolen from electronic storage media and transmitted in seconds without even physically removing the data.The paper attempts to examine and understand the challenge of espionage to industries and businesses in the States. However, in doing so, it shall also look at the historical development of espionage and examines how the advances in technology in the recent years have facilitated the act of espionage, and also the measures that whitethorn prove utile in controlling Industrial Espionage. As a prelude to the research, it may be worthwhile to understand how industrial espionage is defined, its genius and implications.Industrial Espionage Definition and personality The Federal Bureau of Investigation defines industrial espionage as an individual or private business entity sponsorship or coordination of intelligence activity conducted for the purpose of enhancing their advantage in the marketplace. Cited Boni and Kovacich, 2000 p. 48 speckle this definition may imply Industrial Espionage to be more or less the same as business or competitive intelligence, gutter F Quinn explains the essential difference between the two while business intelligence is generally under private sponsorship using an open methodology, espionage may be either government or privately sponsored and clandestine. Cited Boni and Kovacich, 2000 p. 47My definition of Industrial Espionage is it is the process of collecting information and data for the purpose of generating revenue. Generating revenue is very important prognosis for these people. They atomic number 18 not thrill overhearker, if the compensation does not justify the reward they will not bother attempting to collect the required information. Individuals who commit Industrial Espionage atomic number 18 not looking for information for information sake, but for information that will produce a big payday when acquired by a second party or when the information is viewed by unauthorized personnel the value of the information is no longer valuable. Money and motive are motivators and the s retains in todays billion dollar business environment the rewards far exceeds risks.In the highly competitive and globalized business environment, copyrighted intellectual spot and scotch information is considered the most valuable good by all nations, particularly the advanced ones. vexationes and/or governments involve in espionage activities for the purpose of un lawfully or clandestinely arriveing sensitive financial, trade or scotch insurance policy information, proprietary/sensitive economic information or critical technologies including but not limited to data, projects, tools, mechanisms, compounds, designs, formulae, processes, procedures, programs, codes or commercial strategies, whether tangible or intangible, for competitive business advantage. The proprietary informat ion so stolen may have been stored, compiled or memorialised physically, electronically, graphically, photographically or in writing and may be reasonably protected by the owner and not accessible to the general public. Boni and Kovacich, 2000 p. 48Proprietary information may be stolen by employees accessing the business and company databases, hackers breaking into the company server, or sponsored teams of burglars. While companies may lose vital business information through employees leaving the job, espionage occurs when the employee willfully looks for the data, steals it, copies it and sells it for money, or for his own unit, when he intends to produce a similar item. Espionage by competitors involve spying the activities of other businesses and unlawfully gathering of secret information, so that they quarter steer their businesses by adopting appropriate strategies and stay at par with, if not ahead of, competition in the marketplace. Interested outsiders and competitors adop t many methods including bribery, detective spying through shady agencies, searching through garbage, also referred to as dumpster diving, scams to deception workers through social engineering, or even expose loopholes and weak points in the lives of workers and blackmail them for gathering information.The theft or unlawful receipt of intellectual property and economic information, particularly by competitors and foreign governments threatens the development and production of goods derived from such information and also results in loss of profits, market share and perhaps the business itself and may thereby result in the weakening of the economic power of ones country. Boni and Kovacich, 2000 In the present information-driven business environment, businesses tend to address the threat seriously, and in their require to accession power, maintain control, increase market share and beat competition, nations and businesses espo map espionage, treating it casually and engaging themselv es in espionage, using information and technology as armaments of business and economic warfare. Jones, Kovacich and Luzwick, 2002 The ProcessThe process of Industrial Espionage provoke be divided into four categories requirements, collection, analysis, and evaluation. commencement exercise, the requirements have to be established. This is when the individual is targeted and approached to provide specific information concerning a specific job or task within a company or organization. Most often a third party will postulate to protect the inquiring person, organization, or corporation from liability. Most companies counsel their espionage efforts only on certain task or functions. The second phase allows the collector to focus their efforts. Collection is the key component of Industrial Espionage. This is the key element for payment and has the most risk involved. These individuals must evaluate the risk of obtaining the needed information or data with the value of the fee that th ey will be paid and the risks of being caught. The individual collecting/obtaining the information may procedure any of the following to obtain the required information/data physical attacks, electronic attacks, or even attacks against the employees to gain the necessary information. If the rewards are so great (finically), they will go to any(prenominal) lengths necessary to obtain the information, even murder if necessary. If the request is for a working copy of a companys product the Collector might simply have to go out and by one, then send away for the expert information any customer is entitled to. While this might see strange use of a Collector, remember some of the companies collecting information exist in embargoed nations such as Cuba or Iraq where state of the art US product are not readily available. If the request is for the complete production data for a complex computer chip the job might entail illegal, and therefore more untamed, methods such as bribery or burgl ary. Analysis follows. Now that a Collector has accumulated a mass of data and information they must take time to see what they have. This entails everything from reading the contents of documents, both physical and electronic, processing raw data, and in some cases looking at the flow of employees and information to see what might be happening and where it is occurring. Once the data has been analyzed the Collector refers to the original Requirement to see if he has meet his goals. This is the Evaluation phase. If the clients Requirements have been met the information is package, transmitted, and the Collector paid. Extra information collected is evaluated for value to the current of future clients and recorded for future transactions. In those cases where the Requirements have not been met, the Collector uses the information to afford to the Collection Phase, thus beginning the process anew.Espionage A Brief HistoryThe technological advances and the global Internet have drastica lly reformed the art of espionage. The practice of espionage has transformed revolutionarily over the years, as any aspect of life and civilization, from the grey manual and human intensive profession to the sophisticated, hi-tech pursuit of stealing electronic information in networked societies. Toffler and Heidi provide a Three Wave Evolution model to explain the technological evolution, as well as the evolution of espionage. Toffler, 1980 Toffler Heidi, 1994Accordingly, during the First Wave effect, extending from the beginning of human race to about mid 1700s and characterized by the agricultural revolution, information was passed by word of mouth or in indite correspondence. The theft of information was minimal as most of the people could not read or write and espionage was manual, relying mostly on personal observation and one-to-one contact. The Second Wave or the rise of the industrialized civilization, which followed and last until a a few(prenominal) years after World War II, experienced exponential exploitation in communications and the sharing of information, make doable by such inventions as telegraph, telephone and computers. The later years of this period saw the development and use of cryptography as communication protection and anti-espionage tool, though essentially by governments. While businesses had also begun to use computers, most of the systems were stand-alone and hence the threat of espionage was limited. Espionage was feeling of primarily as a government and/or military problem and anti-espionage measures during the period essentially consisted of some form of physical warranter of physical documents and equipment, such as combination of locks, guards, alarms and fences. Emphasis was also placed on personnel security system hiring honest and ethical employees in computer field was deemed to limit espionage threats. As only few people operated computers, the threat to electronically stored information was limited. Toffler, 1980 Toffler and Heidi, 1994The Third Wave or the age of technology and information, sweeping the world today has seen more advances in communication and information sharing, and paradoxically more threats, than the First and Second Wave periods combined. While the Internet and the globally linked communication systems serve as a mainstream business medium, objectionable feed in notice (of)s on how high-tech criminals in businesses and government intelligence agencies of all advanced nations are exploiting the possibilities of the cyber world to meet their various ends, stay on to be appal the world conscience. Today, a large number of organizational actors and individual information-brokers sponsored by government and otherwise, are using the Internet to commit the old crime of espionage in a revolutionary new way what Boni and Kovacich terms the netspionage or network alterd espionage. According to them, in the present information-driven globalized society, the distinction b etween espionage motivate wholly by military advantage and the quest for market domination is blurred of not completely eliminated. The researchers claim that the 21st century, envisaged as the Information advance or the Age of Technology to be may instead come to be known as the Age of Netspionage Agent and Techno-Spy. Boni and Kovacich, 2000 p. 5Before attempting to understand the natural event of industrial espionage in America, it may be vital to understand the techniques used by the modern espionage Netspionage agents and techno-spies so that adequate and effective measures could be adopted to stop the threat of espionage. Some of the common methods used by Netspionage agents includeData Diddling changing data before or during entry into the computerScavenging Obtaining information remaining around a computer system and in trash cans Data Leakage Removing information by smuggling it out as part of the printed documentPiggybacking/ Impersonation Physical access to elec tronic data using anothers User ID and password to gain computer access and protected information.Simulation and Modelling development the computer as a tool to plan and/or control a criminal actWire Tapping Tapping into a computers communication links to be able to read the information being transmitted between systems and networksBoni and Kovacich, 2000 p. 58Apart from the above, the use of software application programs, which are standardized over the years enable the use of a variety of hacker tools including Trojan Horse enabling covert placement of instructions in the program for unauthorized functions Trap Doors for inserting debugging acquired immune deficiency syndrome that provide breaks in the instructions for insertion of additional code and intermediate output capabilities Logic Bombsor programs executed at a specific time period and the common Computer Virus which are malicious codes that cause damage to the system information. Boni and Kovacich, 2000 p. 59The Cyber ThreatWith the advent of the cyber age where information roams free along the electronic corridors of the Internet at the speed of light, another arena has been opened up to the Collector. The tools used are those developed by Hackers and Crackers over the years joined with the good old social engineering of days past. The potential for gathering information is unlimited. The arena, of course, is the World Wide Web and the target sits on your disk as you view this HTML document.In 1997 it was estimated there were fewer than 1000 people that qualified as Professional Hackers. That is, people who are capable of creating tools or developing original methods for Hacking. 11 Therefore it is safe to assume there are very few Collectors who are true computer geniuses. Collectors are just individuals adept at turning existing tools toward collecting information. An excellent Hackers Toolkit (a software package which contains scripts, programs, or autonomous agents that exploit vulnerabili ties 6) can be downloaded from the internet with just a few hours of searching. Converting computer tools to information collection is relatively easy, because with computers everything is information and everything created for a computer collects and/or transmits information to one degree or another. Corporate web sites look into increasingly detailed information regarding a companys structure, products, employees, and the physical layout of its facilities. Some sites boast fly through tours of their facilities, pictures and bios of their executive officers, telephone numbers, and of course email addresses of key employees. The fillet of sole purpose of these web sites is to transmit the information to anyone who asks. Web browsers collect this information and provide it to the requestor who can view and store the information, as they desire. This type of information is priceless to individuals who choose to exploit it as a means to collect further information. With the wealth of information freely available in todays on-line environment Collectors can do much of their preliminary research without leaving the comfort of their own home or breaking a single law.Armed with the freely available information Collectors are now prepared use the net to gather even more information. With the bios and names of executives and key employees they can search the net for their preferred electronic haunts. Spoofing can then be used. Spoofing is defined as masquerade by assuming the appearance of a different entity in network communications. 6 telecommunicates or ICQ addresses can be spoofed, sent with the Collector poising as an investor, potential customer, a reporter, or even a student researching the rising stars of the corporeal world. aft(prenominal) receiving replies, Email spoofing can be further used to appear as someone in authority within the corporation who can direct mailing of information, the brass section of computer access accounts, and even grant great er access for established accounts. All of these gives the collector access to just a little bit more of the corporation and its secrets, all with minimal exposure of the collector and sets the stage for further attacks. These can range from accessing an unsecured port for downloading files, to exploiting any one of a number of known security holes to gain root access to a system. A good example of the potential for Cyber Industrial Espionage comes from a New York Times report that claimed Reuters Analytics, Inc. hired a Collector to steal the underlying software and codes for their rivals, Bloomberg, L.P, data terminals. Though Reuters had a head start in the industry, Bloombergs product was considered superior. Yearly gross revenue of these data terminals exceeds $6.5 Billion. 11By mixing Mundane and Cyber techniques collectors can multiply the effects of their collection efforts. The routine of the office, gathered by watching, can enable the collector to plan physical break-ins of the building. While roaming the halls of the corporation they can steal trade secrets, clone drives of key employees, and even set in place login captures, all acts that could go solely undetected because it does no involve the removal of a single piece of property. Well planned daytime entries over lunch the lunch hour can allow the informed collector time clone disks, copy key files, or even send emails from key employees desks to set into motion chains of events to outpouring information or disrupt company performance. Collectors can make use of internal networks to transmit the documents outside the building to avoid security.Industrial Espionage in America The United States being the most dominant economic power in the world today is also a major target of espionage. In 1988, the FBI accuse a author Amgen Inc. researcher of peddling secret documents concerning the wonder drug Epogen. In 1989, U.S. agents tracked down three moles working at an IBM affiliate in France after they supposedly botched a sale of confidential documents. Cited Crock, 1997 The massive information technology infrastructure enables businesses and industries to tap proprietary and secret information of competitors to gain control of the global market place. Research suggests that the threat of espionage and the loss of proprietary/sensitive information have hit the manufacturing industries particularly hard. As the R D expenses for manufacturing companies are costly, some companies, foreign or domestic, are tempted to catch up even if through unlawful means. Naef, 2003 Industrial espionage is rampant in the United States harmonise to the FBI, of the 173 world nations, 57 were actively running operations targeting the U.S. companies about 100 countries spent some portion of their funds targeting U.S. technologies. Boni and Kovacich, 2000 p. 50 A survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the American Society for Industrial Security revealed that Fortune 1000 companies lost more than $45 billion in 1999 due to theft of their proprietary information alone. The bring finds that although manufacturing reported only 96 incidents, the acknowledged losses of manufacturing companies accounted for the majority of losses reported in the survey, and averaged almost $50 million per incident. Cited Naef, 2003 While current and former employees, suppliers and customers are considered to be responsible for 70 to 80% of proprietary/sensitive information losses, an unidentified survey suggests that 21 percent of attempted or unfeigned thefts of proprietary/sensitive information occurred in overseas locations. Boni and Kovacich, 2000 p. 50It is significant to note that the U.S is not only a target of espionage, but also actively impair in espionage activities themselves. The US government has admitted using commercial espionage phone calls were illegally tapped to determine that a French competitor of a US firm was bribing Brazilian officials to obtain an air traf fic control radar contract it was later revealed that the US firm was also bribing officials. It is generally believed that large intelligence agencies of developed nations are involved in the practice of espionage. A commission of the European Parliament suspects that ECHELON, a communications espionage system operated by the U.S. National Security Agency and agencies of the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, is used for political espionage and occasionally to help American companies against European competitors. Vest, 1998 economic Espionage Act of 1996Economic and industrial espionage present many challenges to many American companies as rampant information breaches are costing companies substantial sums of money. While corporations and businesses often do not report espionage incidents to law enforcement, the Federal government today recognizes industrial and economic espionage as a crime the Congress has legislated the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 in an attempt to aid companies to protect themselves from espionage. Section 19831 punishes the theft, misappropriation, wrongful transition and delivery of trade secrets when accused parties intended to, or knew that their misconduct would benefit a foreign government, instrumentality or agent. The Act allows for legal action regarding financial, business, scientific, engineering, technical and economic information, if a company can demonstrate it has attempted to keep this information classified and protected. The prescribed maximum punishment for an individual offender is 15 years imprisonment, $ 500,000 fine or both for an organization the fine is $10 million. Kelley, 1997 It is understood that many companies dont take advantage of the Act companies safely exploit the law in full knowledge when news of the breach is known publicly. However, as Naef observes, if the trade secret theft is not publicly known, a company may have to meticulously assess the advantages and disadvantages of suing another company and thereby going public as news of the theft may damage the companys reputation. Naef, 2003 Yet, cases of industrial and economic espionage have been reported since the enactment of the Act, though scantily. In September 2003 one man was pled guilty of copying trade secrets as defined under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 the case was the first of its kind in Northern California. The US Attorneys office later publicized that Say Lye Ow, a 31 year old originally from Malaysia, copied sensitive information on Intels first 64-bit processor when he left the company in 1998. Naef, 2003 Industrial Espionage and Corporate Vulnerability It is often the ill fortune of corporations to adequately protect their information resources that makes them vulnerable to espionage. The vulnerability and the nonchalant attitude of companies are by no means excusable, given the economic implications of the threat of espionage as well as the weakening of the economic power of the subject nation. It may be worthwhile, perhaps vital, to understand the reasons for the vulnerability of corporations in order to prevent espionage and the resulting economic losses to businesses. chorees make themselves vulnerable to espionage for a variety of reasons, including Proprietary/sensitive business information not identified Proprietary information not adequately protectedComputer and telecommunication systems not adequately protected Lack of or inadequate policies and proceduresEmployees not aware of their responsibilities Management attitude of We dont have proprietary or sensitive information and/or It cant happen to usBoni and Kovacich, 2000 p. 50These factors along with such other threats as increasing miscreants trying to steal information for money and the vulnerabilities of systems on the Internet facilitating information theft on a global scale present pervasive threat to information worth protect as well as challenge managers, security personnel and law e nforcement officials responsible for prophylactic and security of information.Employees, a Threat or DefenceWhether called societal Engineering, as in most Hacker manuals, or HUMINT (Human Intelligence), as the Department of Defense refers to it, your employees are targets of Collectors. People are a two-edged weapon in securing your corporate secrets being both the best protection, and the biggest risk. Proper training, education, and motivation can give people the tools and desire to keep your corporate secrets safe. Conversely, appealing to the vanity, greed, or vengeful nature of disenchanted or bored people has always been a tool of the traditional spy. Now these appeals can be made with protection of the electronic web. After gathering sufficient information on employees the Collector can choose his target. If the individual bites, a face to face meeting can be scheduled, if not the only thing that can be turned over the security is an email address or ICQ number, all easily disposed of with no keep up to the Collector.Another method used to attack through your employees is to take the information gathered by Mundane and Cyber means and impersonate another individual or spoof them electronically. Calls are placed over the phone, or messages sent via email pretending to be someone with the authority to make decisions. A good select would be one of those executive officers with the picture and bio on the corporate web page. Regardless of the role many bored or uncaring individuals will give out information to include IP addresses, system setup, and even passwords and userids over to phone when intimidated.Recruiting Insiders is another common practice among Collectors. Many publications on computer security identify the most common source of intentional disruption as authorized individuals performing unauthorized activity. 13 Again, much of the information on the individuals that you would like to enhance can be found in publicly accessible databases a nd web sites. From this, some casual research can yield those candidates who are most persuadable to bribes or extortion. Often after proper research the Collector can make his presence know to the Insider and have them make the first overtures. This allows the Collector to have some modicum of confidence the individual will no go running straight to corporate security. Insiders are the most valuable assets a Collector can have. They have the time and freedom to search peoples desks, read private memos, copy documents, and abuse coworker friendships. 3 The threat does not end when the Insider leaves the corporation either. In 1992 several ecumenic Motors employees were accused of taking over 10,000 documents and disks containing GM trade secrets when they defected to Volkswagen. GM sued and in 1997 received a payment of $100 million from Volkswagen. 11Inserting Agents is one of the least risky forms of Industrial Espionage. The Collector handpicks the individual who they intend to insert. They provide the training, background story, and decide at which level to attempt to insert the individual. Once hired, even in a position of limited access, the individual becomes a trusted Insider for the Collector, able to provide increasing levels of access and perform some of the Mundane and Cyber attacks from within the corporation with minimal threat of being caught.Preventing Industrial Espionage While legal measures and legislations that send strong messages against espionage can be effective in preventing its occurrence, the role and responsibility of corporations is crucial. Even as companies take a non-serious approach to espionage, there is little debate that companies should guard themselves effectively against the info-thieves, both insiders and those unleashed by outsiders, who try to get secrets by all possible means. Measures that may help companies to prevent espionage includeConducting a survey of risk assessment, and identifying potential risk areas, D eveloping a security policy without much of safety risks. Frequently evaluating the security policy and procedures and modify if necessaryClassifying and marking sensitive and valuable information Isolating information that should never fall into the hands of a competitor Detecting the vulnerable areas that could be exploited by a competitor Controlled storage of sensitive informationControlled destruction of materials Executing Nondisclosure Agreements for employees, vendors and contractors Securing computer systems and networks by installing appropriate information system security productsMonitoring email and Internet useWinkler, 1997 Boni and Kovacich, 2000 While the above methods may be useful in protecting against espionage, central to controlling the industrial espionage is security awareness and training of employees as one of the major points of vulnerability is spying activities by people be to the same organization. Security awareness and training programs can serve to in form employees about their organizations information security policy, to sensitize them to risks and potential losses, and to train them in the use of security practices and technologies Denning, 1998, p.382. By investing in security procedures and training, corporations may train employees in the areas of personnel, cyberspace and physical security they can also be made aware of their responsibilities regarding information security of the organization.ConclusionThe increasing value of trade secret information in the global and domestic marketplace and the possibilities of the information technology revolution have resulted in a significant rise in espionage activities in the recent years, particularly against the U.S. being the most dominant economic power in the world. While legislations may be useful in preventing the crime of industrial and economic espionage, the onus is largely on corporations to implement adequate security policies and measures to protect themselves from busi ness losses as well as prevent the weakening of the economic power of their country.References1. Boni W. Kovacich G.L. (2000) Netspionage The Global Threat to Information MA Butterworth- Heinemann 2. Crock, S. (1997) Business Spies The New Enemy Within? Book Review War By Other Means Economic Espionage in America By John J. Fialka Business Week Available at http//www.businessweek.com/1997/06/b351325.htm Accessed 02/26/063. Denning, D. E. (1998) Information Warfare and Security MA Addison-Wesley 4. Jones A. Kovacich G.L. Luzvick P.G. (2002) Global Information Warfare How Businesses, Governments and Others Achieve Objectives and At