India’s Role in the Climate Change Summit Essay

The worlds nation today adopted a package dubbed the cancun Agreements buildings blocks for a future legal treaty to address climate change amid concerns that commitments to avert acceptable level of global warming remain missing. Negotiators from 194 countries agreed on a set of decision that the un climate secretariat said would set all governments â€Å"more firmly on the path towards the low emissions future† and provide support to developing countries on their action on climate change. India played a key role at the climate change summit , proposing a new mechanism to allow international scrutiny of all countries’ including India’ s action to crub emission of greenhouse gases. The invironment minister Jairam Ramesh also signalled that India would eventually consider legally –binding crubs on emission, a shift from its long standing position. Some environmental grouos have criticised these moves by India. But climate change analysts have said India’s proposal for serutiny of the climate climate change exchange actions reflect an acceptance of the principal of transparency. ‘’ And (Rmesh’s) assertions on legaklly binding actions is an indicator that India is willing to shift from the position of doing nothing to joining the global community in fiting climate change ,†an analyst in Cancun said. ‘’This does not mean India will accept legally – bending cuts next year,’’ he said . The Cancun documents of ficially recognise emissions curbs targets set by industrialised and developing countries and once every year by the developing countries. But the target of cutting global emissions by 50 % by the year 2050- part of the draft circulated yesterday – has been replaced by text calling for ‘’ subsantial’’ reductions in blobal emissions by 2050 . The Cancun decision pledge US$30 billion in fast start finance from the industrialised countries to support climate action in developing countries. The goal is to raise this to US$ 100 billion by 2020. Thew agreements also  recognise the need of countries to work towards the keeping the rise in the aversge global temperature below 2 degree c. ‘’ Cancun has done its job ,’’ said chistiana Figueres, head of the UN climate change secretariat after the agreement was adopted today. ‘’ lt is not what is required but it is the essential foundation on which to build greater collective ambition Figueres said. But several environmental group including Indias centre for science and Environment have pointed out thst the emission reduction pledge made by all countries so far are way below the whst is required to keep the rise in the average temperature.

Music Appreciation Essay

1. What are figured bass and basso continuo? How are they related? Figured bass is a musical notation using numbers to indicate chords, intervals, and other aspects in relation to the bass note of the music and basso continuo is the harmony of the music itself. (this has nothing to do with the question; when I took AP music theory, figured bass was my favorite thing to do!) 2. What is ornamentation? Ornamentation is the use of non-necessary musical flourishes, such as trills and grace notes, to the basic melody or harmony. 3. What is an oratorio? How does it differ from an opera? Oratorios are basically just concerts, whereas operas are more theatrical. Oratorios have a different focus and don’t use scenery like operas. 4. What is an orchestra? How did the development of orchestras influence Baroque music? Orchestras are larger instrumental ensembles or groups that contain brass, string, percussion, and woodwind instruments. The development of orchestras brought along the development of new instruments, like the violin and cello & it also brought along the composition of orchestral music specifically. 5. What is an instrumental suite? A composition that consists of a succession of short pieces, forming into a large composition. Critical thinking questions: 1. What are the characteristics of Baroque music? How would you describe Baroque music? Baroque music is defined as â€Å"that in which the harmony is confused, charged with modulations and dissonances, the melody is harsh and little natural, the intonation difficult, and the movement constrained† (Jean-Jacques Rousseau). To me, baroque music is highly eccentric and decorative; extremely difficult and concise, yet beautiful all at the same time. 2. Choose one of the composers discussed in the unit and listen to several of the composer’s works. Which works did you listen to? How would you describe this composer’s music? Why do you think this composer was an influential figure in Baroque music? I chose to listen to one of my favorite composers of all time, Antonio Vivaldi. I listened to The Four Seasons (every season & every movement). I find his compositions astounding, able to tell stories without the use of words. Small things such as the incorporation of animals and sounds from nature truly paint a picture in the mind. In addition to this, the sudden change from a soothing violin soloist playing to a group of string instruments playing at once completely dramatizes the piece, making it more meaningful. Overall, I believe Vivaldi is an amazing composer, who was highly influential in the Baroque period due to his use of mostly stringed instruments, and he was highly innovative. His music was highly decorated and creative, and in most cases, very melodic and smooth. Vivaldi continues to be an influential composer to this day. 3. How did composers and musicians think about themselves during the Baroque period? How did this influence the music that they created? 4. What advantages and disadvantages did Baroque composers have in the patronage system? What did they gain from this practice? What limitations did it place on them? They were able to showcase their musical genius, yet they were limited to what they were able to play because of what the patron wanted to hear. They did gain a lot of fame and publicity through the patronage system despite the limitations that were placed on them. 5. Baroque music often tried to capture and reflect a particular emotion or feeling. Choose one of the musical works in the unit. Identify the work that you chose. What feeling or emotion is the composer trying to capture or reflect in the work? What aspects of the music lead you to this emotion or feeling?

How can international students' English level affect their use of Essay

How can international students' English level affect their use of social media in the process of choosing universities - Essay Example The researcher used both the questionnaires and oral interview methods to adequately collect primary data from the respondents. A section of the questionnaires was emailed to the respondents and others were administered directly by the researcher. The questionnaires incorporated the use of both the closed and open ended questions. The open ended questions are significant in a research study for they give the respondent a room to respond to give more information left out by the researcher when he or she was designing the questionnaire (Reja et.al, 2003, p. 160-167). The questionnaires used a five Likert scale with items; strongly disagree, disagree, neither agree or disagree, agree and strongly agree. Before the interviews were conducted and before the questionnaires were sent to the sample population, the researcher sought permission from the respective university managements to authorize him to collect data from the sample population. A pilot study was conducted by the researcher prior the administration of the questionnaires on at least 5 respondents. This was to test for the validity and reliability of the questionnaires that were used in the study. According to Ceswell et.al (2010, p. 32), 10 percent of the sample is to constitute the pilot test or the pilot study-rule of thumb. Also, there were no ethical concerns raised by the respondents both in the time of conducting the interviews and filling in of the questionnaires. Further, the participation of the respondents in the study was plainly voluntary. No respondent was forced to participate in the study at any circumstance. Although both the target and the sample populations incorporated UK and non UK students, the research study was mainly targeting the international university students pursuing studies in the UK. This is because these students have a better understanding of the researcher’s

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Economic Theories Essay

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Economic Theories - Essay Example Most of the theories in economics today are based on the ideas of Smith as well as Marx and Keynes. These individuals have different ideas on how the economy works and the best economic system that would ensure the good of all people in the society. They also differ on the role the government is supposed to take to drive the economy to prosperity. All these differences are prompted by the views held by different theorists regarding human nature and this will be the subject of our discussion in the next section but emphasis on the role of human nature in economic theories of Smith and Marx. Adam Smith (1723-1790) As stated earlier, Smith is regarded as the father of modern economics and capitalism. According to him, human beings are social and as such they have a tendency to care for each other. They are also driven by self-interest but this does not deter them from empathizing with and help each other (Skousen, 11). This is the basis of his economic theory written in his book An inqu iry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations or what is commonly referred as Wealth of Nations in 1776 (Das Kapital). This brought about industrial revolution and emergence of capitalism as the dominant mode of production (Hall). The capitalist economy is based on the mechanism of free markets whereby Smith believed that individuals driven by self-interest and not infringing on the rights of others can in the process benefit the whole society (Hall). The market is driven by the ‘invisible hand’ whereby producers produce goods and services and take to market where they meet buyers who are in need of such goods for consumption. In this case, the buyer and seller only meet when exchanging products and do not negotiate on the quantity to be produced or bought (Skousen, 10). Individuals are assumed to self-regulate themselves in this economy and as such there is no need for government intervention unless to provide public goods such as infrastructure and make sure people adhere to contracts. There is thus free movement of labour, capital and goods (11). Smith’s economic theory is also based on economic independence. Natural liberty according to smith is a fundamental human right thus individuals are given freedom to do what they want (Hall). They produce what they want, at a price they want but the principle of justice must be withheld, that is, there is freedom of production and exchange. As such, all the actors in the economy (workers, landlords and capitalists) work in harmony; there is no conflict of interest (Skousen, 27). In such case, Smith assumes that human beings are honest, just according to societal rules. They can therefore, pursues self-interest without offending or ignoring the needs of others but for the benefit of all. Smith did not envision greed and egotism in human nature. Furthermore, capitalists have to consider the interests of consumers if they want to make profit. Human beings are competitive in nature. This a ccording to Smith was not a negative thing but affected the economy positively, that is, is led to economic growth (Hall). Man should therefore â€Å"bring his industriousness and capital into competition with those of others to create harmony† (Skousen, 27). Competition leads to determination of prices in the market thus the market is always in the equilibrium. The producer is able to get profit for his produce and the consumer benefits from low prices as well as improved quality (to lower prices, manufacturers improve technology thus produce quality goods at low cost). As such economic prosperity is achieved through economic independence. Karl Marx (1818-1883) Smith and Marx had very different views regarding human nature and as such

Tattoos. Cultures that Use Tattoo and Methods of Tattooing Research Paper

Tattoos. Cultures that Use Tattoo and Methods of Tattooing - Research Paper Example Although usually considered by some as a mere way of accessorizing one’s body with the typical dragon or butterfly, tattoos are regarded as an outlet of creativity and a medium of expression by those who truly understand and appreciate art. While tattoos often seem to carry negative associations as the images of gangs of tough biker boys, and their promiscuous girlfriends come to mind as you think of such body decoration, they are also considered greatly meaningful and significant by various cultures. The people of Thailand regard getting tattoos as a religious ritual and they are often used to illustrate holy symbols like tigers, temples, or verses from sacred prayers. In contrast to this, the Japanese culture used tattoos to brand criminals permanently, which worked like a public display of one’s acts. Similarly, in Germany as well, tattooing prisoners with serial numbers meant making it easier to identify them. Such usage of tattooing explains why tattoos are associa ted with gangsters and mafia men. On the other hand, however, some Germans have also redeemed the status of tattooing to that of a form of a body art by using women’s bodies as their canvases to decorate and consequently display their artistic talents. Native tribes of the Polynesian Islands over the Pacific Ocean have taken this a step further as they regard tattooing as a representation of one’s social standing, as they employ tattoos to illustrate lineage, rank in society and sexuality (Wianecki, 2011). In Western cultures, as one can see on the television, the tattoo culture is greatly dominant, since numerous Hollywood actors like Eva Longoria, Megan Fox, and Ben Affleck, among others, are seen showing off their tattoos on their lower backs, necks, ankles and various other body parts. In addition to this, the tattoo culture is on the rise and has truly become a rage as icons such as Avril Lavigne and David Beckham choose to display their individuality through a ti ny tattoo on the wrist, or through large ones on the back and arms (Mifflin, 1997). As these celebrities are looked up to by huge fan followings, which instantly mimic their favorite idols, the tattooed populace in the world has increased greatly. As published by the Daily News in Los Angeles, â€Å"Credible statistics on the number of people with tattoos are actually tough to find. But in 2006, the Pew Research Center stated that 36 percent of Americans ages 18-25, 40 percent of those 26-40 and 10 percent of people 41-64 have tattoos† (Auerbach, 2011). It is safe to say that the numbers have only been on the rise ever since. Methods Recently, tattooing has also become increasingly popular for being instrumental as a method of plastic surgery for areola reconstruction (Aston, 2009). The most common tool used for tattooing is an electrically powered tattoo machine that uses a needle or group of needles to drill ineradicable ink onto the skin in order to decorate the body perma nently with a tattoo. After this painful procedure is undertaken, the tattoo becomes a part of a person’s attire as well as his/her personality, and is shown off as a style statement, or a symbol of something one believes in, or, as in the case of some Indian actresses like Deepika Padukone, even a symbol of love for one’s partner. This convenient method of tattooing with a drill-like machine, however, has been discovered only recently. Since tattooing had started a long way back, when technology was not as advanced, various other methods were under utilization to make color penetrate into the skin. In some tribal cultures, designs are cut into the skin and ink rubbing cause color. In others,

IFRS and GAAP Convergence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IFRS and GAAP Convergence - Research Paper Example The company has two main investments in Shanghai, China, and its Onstar branch gives the company safety, information services and security (Chandler, 1964). 2.0 The SEC’s Position on Convergence of GAAP and IFRS The main purpose of the Security Exchange Commission (SEC) is to safeguard the investors and sustain the integrity of the securities markets. The SEC stipulates that publicly traded firms in the United States should report important financial and other facts to the general public, which gives a universal set of information, on the basis of which investors can make decisions whether the securities of the firm are a viable source of venture. The firms must follow the IFRS procedures of accounting, which are beneficial to different firms in unique ways. Even though the schedule for the US firms to shift from GAAP to IFRS is not yet set, such a move, through convergence or conversion, is largely appreciated and accepted by majority of the multinational corporations. Genera l Motors has made some steps in relation to the convergence of GAAP to IFRS though other firms hesitated. International Financial Reporting Standards as they are commonly known are beneficial to the General Motors Company given that they provide principles for financial reporting. IFRS ensures the requirements and provisions under them are followed to the letter by the firm and its subsidiaries to ensure uniformity in reporting and production of financial statements. IFRS were adopted by the International Accounting Standard Boards to ensure transparency in the manner in which the financial statements are prepared and presented to the stakeholders. IFRS replicates a dominantly regulation-based approach to building accounting standards as opposed to the GAAP, which was based principally on rules approach. 3.0 IFRS for the financial statements Balance sheet After the IFRS in the balance sheet are adopted, the guidelines stipulated under the standards will enable General Motors to have a uniform method of reporting the assets, liabilities and the equities of the firm in all the subsidiaries and the parent company. Notably the guidelines are provided by the International Accounting Standards Committee, which is currently known as the International Accounting Standards Board. According to the guidelines, the balance sheet names and utilization rely upon the US policies and the type of organization. General Motors follows the standards set by the board, which enables the business to provide a summary of values for all the items included in the balance sheet. Cash Flow Statement There are various differences that come out under the US GAAP and IAS 7 principles for the cash flow statements. The IAS 7 stipulates that the cash flow statement must comprise of both cash and cash equivalents. The United States GAAP allows use of only cash or cash equivalents. IAS 7 allows bank overdraft in particular nations to be put in the cash equivalents as opposed to being taken as a section of financing activities. IAS 7 permits interests paid to be considered as an operating activity or financing activity. The United States GAAP stipulates that interest paid be considered as operating activity. Moreover, the US GAAP (FAS 95) provides that when the direct method is applied to project the operating activities of the statement of cash flow, an additional schedule must also project the statement of

Corporate debt in India Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate debt in India - Assignment Example According to a recent analysis by IMF, Firms in India are heavier borrowers, measured by debt-to-equity ratio, as compared to those in the other emerged bar Brazil. It makes the bank is not able to fund new investment since they are weighed down by disappointment loan. A number of India’s private debt is owned, but companies and many debt-ridden firms had no earnings at all. The court process in India is slow especially in the circumstance that involves where banks expect to get back their money back while the borrower is getting into the trouble. Solution to this problem is, for the government to contain the situation they have to look for a way to stimulate the court process. The court should have a framework for dealing so that the banks should not be delayed in obtaining back their money. There should be a way of sign off on an all-important detail of the firms that have invested heavily in their in the go-go

Health Care Issues - Patient Safety Improvement - Lessons learned in Essay

Health Care Issues - Patient Safety Improvement - Lessons learned in the aviation industry - Essay Example Then the surgeon, anesthetist and nurse verbally confirm the patient identity, surgical site and procedure. They then check on any anticipated critical events, any essential imaging and any antibiotic administration in the last one hour. Before ht patient leaves the operation room the nurse verbally confirms with the team the name of the procedure recorded, that all instruments used are present, any equipment problems, then the surgeon, anesthetist and nurse review recovery and management of the patient. This arrangement is similar to what happens shortly before a flight. The cabin crew identify themselves by name and role in the flight. They identify the route to which they are going. They then give a brief to the passengers about the plane and what to do and what not to do incase of an emergency. They identify the person to whom the passenger is to contact incase of an emergency. They passengers are notified on every issue this is important as relates to that flight. At the end of the flight all of the crew confirm that all passengers that boarded the flight arrived and safely. Incase of any problem they notify the relevant authority. The initial move of identification is similar to what happens at the surgical room. The surgeon and his crew each identify themselves and their roles so that in the event of an emergency there is no confusion as to who is to do what and when. All the briefing given to the passengers is similar to the information the surgeon and his team give. The arr ival to the destination, and confirmation of the presence of all passengers safely is also similar to what the surgeon, nurse and anesthetist do when ensuring that they have identified the patient well and all equipment used is present. This kind of approach minimizes mistakes in the surgical room. Every one does his or her role when need arises and there is calmness and control of the situation throughout. The patient is better of in the hands of a well organized team

The concept of Emily Grierson as a trapped individual Essay

The concept of Emily Grierson as a trapped individual - Essay Example Emily Grierson was strongly attached to her father and it was her father who brought her up. Her mother had passed away and she did not have any other close relatives. This aspect of her life led her to live a life of solitude and her life was based upon her relationship with her father. Her father was a proud man who considered him to be superior to all the other people who resided in the town. He kept a distance for the other people and did not intermingle in the social gatherings with people. He instilled similar feelings in his daughter and she was also not very social and restricted to her life within the house. Her father considered all the men who offered to marry Emily not to be up to the mark and rejected all these proposals. This behaviour of the Griersons is portrayed by Faulkner in these words, â€Å"People in our town, remembering how old lady Wyatt, her great-aunt, had gone completely crazy at last, believed that the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were. None of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such.† Thus her upbringing by her father pushed her into solitude and led her to lead a trapped life. Emily’s father was the most important figure in her life and the death of her father shattered her. She became hysteric and was not ready to accept the death of her father. She did not take the condolences of the people and sent them away. It was only by force that her father’s body was buried. This great loss pushed her more into entrapment and she was left alone in her life. The next major character that entered her life was an outsider, Homer Barron who came to visit the town. Emily became greatly attached to him owing to her solitude and loneliness but Barron opted not to marry Emily. She took a drastic step of poisoning Homer Barron and kept his body in her house. The reaction of the people of the town and their criticism for her can also be held accountable for her trapped li fe. The people in the town talked about her behind her back and only visited her out of curiosity to see what was going inside her house. This social alienation served to further prevent Emily from leading a normal life. Emily became totally isolated and did not believe in societal laws and regulations. She developed these believes owing to her entrapped life. She did not consider herself to be a member of the society. She did not allow for the installation of a mail box at her house as she did not want to be linked to the outside world. She also denied paying the taxes in the town and responded to the officials from the city by saying, "I received a paper, yes," Miss Emily said. "Perhaps he considers himself the sheriff . . . I have no taxes in Jefferson." It has been portrayed that the life of Emily Grierson starts â€Å"decaying† in her home in solitude. She began to decay physically, mentally as well as socially. She started losing her looks and was totally cut off from t he social environment of the town. She did not mingle with anyone and thus her life depicted a theme of decaying. She also lost her sanity as she went as far as to kill Homer Barron so that she could keep his body with her. The death of her father is the initiation of her psychiatric issues. This can be seen when she denies that her

Profit maximisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Profit maximisation - Essay Example A monopolist maximises his profit at the level of output where the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue. That is MR=MC. In order to determine the profit maximising level of production, the monopolist supplements its information about the prices and market demand for data on the costs of production at different levels of output. A monopolist cannot maximise profit by charging the highest price possible (market price yielding maximum benefits). Rather, it will maximise profit at the level where the Total Revenue minus the Total Cost is the highest. The difference between TR and TC is a function of price and the quantity sold. Profit maximisation in a pure monopoly structure is presented in the figure below. The monopoly cannot maximise its profits at the points where the MC is equal to the demand or where the average total cost equals the marginal cost. At these levels of output, the revenue generated would only be sufficient to cater for the cost of production. Rather, profit is maximised at the level of output where MR=MC. An oligopolistic market structure is characterised by few but large firms in the market. In making their economic decisions, firms in this market structure consider the behaviour of other firms in the market. The reason for such consideration is because any slight changes in the prices, output or expansion may have significant effects on the profitability of the firms in the market. In an oligopolistic market, profits will be maximised at the point where the price p intersects with the marginal revenue and the marginal cost curves (Baumol and Blinder, 2012). At this point, the MC=MR and MC cut the MR in its vertical portion. Profit maximisation thus occurs at price p. When the MC shifts in the vertical part of the MR, price P does not change. The movement of MC under the oligopolistic market makes insignificant price effects and hence consumers do

The Secret Life of Bees Essay Example for Free

The Secret Life of Bees Essay The Secret Life of Bees Monk Kidd  «The Secret Life of Bees » is a historical novel by American author Sue Monk Kidd. It is a story of coming-of-age, of the ability of love to transform our lifes. Adressing the wounds of loss, betrayal and the scarcity of love, Kidd demonstratesthe power of women, coming together to heal those wounds, to mother each other and themselves, to create a new holy place – true family and home. The novel received much critical acclaim and was a New York Times bestseller. In 2005 it was adopted into a film by Ginn Prince-Bythewood. The Secret Life of Bees » is the story of Lily, a fourteen-year-old girl who runs away from her unloving father to search for secrets of her dead mother`s past. The setting of the novel is South Carolina in 1964, a time when racial tensions were inflamed by civil rights movement and white racists`frequently violent responses to it. Against this backdrop, Lily and her house-keeper, Rosalin, find shelter in the home of the eccentric Boatwright sisters, three African American beekeepers who worship before the statue of a Black Madonna they call  «Our Lady in Chains ». There Lily finds love and acceptance and begins to come n terms with the quilt she feels over her mother`s death. Lily has a special relationship with bees. At night, they squeeze through the cracks of her bedroom wall by the hundreds and fly circles around her room until the air itself pulsating with wings. They seem to indicate to Lily where is her right path. Every chapter opens with a short description of he life of bees which is always has a connection with the plot. In the climax of the story the sisters Boatright, the beekeepers, empart to Lily the sectets of the Black Madonna, mother to thousands. T. Ray Owens is the hateful, peach-farming antagonist of the novel, is feeling particularly meen towards Lily. He is a monstrous and abusive father. There is not apparent love in his heart for Lily whatsoever, and living with him only deepens the ubiquitous pain of her motherless existence. Deborah Owens`death is a source of great anguish and mystery for the confused adolescent, a memory from when she was four that she still can`t quite get her head around. Lily`s only true friend is Rosalin, a large black peach-worker who T. Ray brought to the house to care for Lily when her mother died.  «The Secret Life of Bees » is growing-up tale wrapped into a search for one`s mother, plunked down into the racially – charged South Carolina during the Civil rights movement, set alight with feminine spirituality. It is an inspirational feminist tale with strong female characters. And while it has already proven its` mettle as a best-selling novel with universal appeal, it will particularly enchant the female reader.

Effects Of Domestic Fiction

Effects Of Domestic Fiction Domestic fiction as a genre was predominantly written for girls and young women by women writers, and the genre grew exceedingly popular and flourished in the nineteenth century, especially during the mid to late nineteenth century. Domestic fiction, often referred to as sentimental fiction (due to its sentimental plotlines and characters) or simply womens fiction, became the dominant genre for girls in both Britain and America and the majority of domestic writing upheld and supported the restrictions of the female role. Many novels of domestic fiction have thus been criticised for not attempting to challenge these limitations and empower young women to live a fuller and more rewarding life, rather than simply reinforcing the idea that women must exist solely within the domestic sphere. This dissertation will discuss three different texts of the domestic fiction genre Elizabeth Wetherells The Wide, Wide World (1852), Charlotte Mary Yonges The Clever Woman of the Family (1865) and Lo uisa May Alcotts classic tale Little Women (1868) and will examine whether literature aimed at girls and young women in the nineteenth century began to empower women and present them with the idea of a life away from the restrictions of the domestic sphere, or whether the genre of domestic fiction simply enforced the rules and restrictions of the female role. Introduction During the nineteenth century, the influences upon the lives of children and young adults were very few and far between. Whereas children of the twenty-first century are still undeniably influenced by literature, these children live in the age of television, extensive advertising, communication, the internet and modern technology, and have an eclectic range of influences at their disposal rather than just literature, one of the main and major influences for children during the nineteenth century was the literature that was written specifically for them. Literacy, and literature itself increased considerably during the reign of Queen Victoria, and this can be attributed to a number of factors one of the most important factors being the expansion of popular education. Children and the idea of childhood had begun to be viewed and treated as a state which was entirely set aside from adulthood, and the child was considered to be far more innocent, and possess a far more malleable mind th an the adult. As John Back observes in his study Towards a Sociology of Education: Everything to do with children and family life had become a matter of worthy attention. Not only the childs future, but his presence and very existence was of concern: the child had taken a central place in the family.  [1]   The Victorians of the nineteenth century created an increasingly sentimental view of childhood which would grow to become widely accepted. Queen Victoria herself and Prince Albert set an example for a prim and proper family in which the children were greatly loved and tenderly cared for. Additionally, Victorian parents were advised to be firm with their children, but to deal with them with a larger degree of tenderness than in the past, and adults increasingly saw childhood as a period in which the child needed to be protected from the complicated adult world and its concerns. As a result of this changing view, education for children became paramount, and increasing concern was placed upon ensuring that children were appropriately taught. As Judith Rowbotham writes in Good Girls Make Good Wives: Guidance for Girls in Victorian Fiction; The child was the father of the man, and it was important to adults to ensure that children, who represented the next generation, should be properly taught. The question that occupied many minds however, was of what did a proper education consist?  [2]   Boys were given penny dreadfuls; inexpensive novels which often featured violent adventure or crime and were issued in monthly instalments. However, a well-educated female at this time was assumed to have been fruitfully instructed in the importance of her domestic and social duties and responsibilities, as well as in academic subjects. As a result of this assumption, girls were presented with the domestic novel. Young women and girls were deemed to be more suited to life within the domestic sphere, and the aim of domestic fiction and girls stories was to justify the boundaries of the female position within society and to convince the female, especially the impressionable young woman, of the necessity to conform to the roles of the domestic sphere. Didactic writing of this kind was certainly not a contemporary phenomenon educational and instructive books for young minds were also featured heavily in the eighteenth century. These however, were intended for an upper-class market and w ere published in the form of essays rather than as books. The contribution that girls made in their home was very significant, however it should be noted that that their lives were not always solely made up of domestic duties and responsibilities it was quite common for girls to be as well educated as boys, and to be accomplished and taught in skills and talents such as art and music. Still more genteel than what their brothers were taught, yet there was life away from the duties of the home. Public schools were available to the lower and middle classes, although they were not yet made mandatory, and girls were educated most often from the age of six until they reached fourteen or fifteen. However despite this, women were still discouraged from pursuing an education, as this would interfere with their duties within the home. The July 1848 edition of the publication The Mothers Magazine featured an article entitled Female Education, which encouraged mothers to restrict the time that their daughters were in education, claiming that their accomplishments would be rendered unnecessary after they married. The article states that young women should remain focused on their duties within the home: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] let her seek a thorough practical understanding of those principles of which she may as a wife, mother and housekeeper, be called to make daily use. We are advocates for a thorough scientific education; but at the same time, for an education for the ordinary [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] duties which females, as wives, daughters and mothers, will be called upon to perform. The piano, and the brush, should never take the place of the needle.  [3]   Domestic fiction at this time was renowned for sentimental and predictable plotlines, exceedingly dramatic scenes and weak, weepy female characters, and this characteristic earned the genre its description as the language of tears. This was a time when the biggest ambition of young girls was to be married and to marry well for a woman to remain single was considered not only to be a misfortune, but a travesty and yet many of the authors who wrote these books were themselves single women. These books were on of the very few ways that young girls could imagine a life other than their own and therefore must have a lasting and effective impact on how they viewed themselves, both in regards to society and personally. Furthermore, the writers of domestic fiction were generally exclusively women, and for a woman to be a writer was at this point a new notion, and additionally, if their works were considered unseemly or inappropriate material for young girls, no one would purchase them. Due to the fact that for these female authors writing was their only source of income, the sale and popularity of their creations was paramount. As a result, it was extremely rare that domestic fiction for girls in the nineteenth century would feature a character who would step outside of societys restrictions upon young women, and who pushed the boundaries of appropriate female behaviour. For this, the genre has experienced many forms of criticism. The early forms of domestic fiction, conceived by authors such as Maria Edgeworth and Mrs. Sherwood, achieved popularity and social status and these stories whilst being improving, were also considered to be entertaining. Alison Adburgham has commented that: the novels were handbooks to the language of the beau monde, to the etiquette of chaperonage, to permissible and impermissible flirtations, to extra-marital affairs, to all modish attitudes and affections.  [4]   The literature was instructive and the characters unrealistic and wooden domestic fiction was treated as the perfect device to teach young girls how they should behave and present themselves. However, writers such as Charlotte Mary Yonge and Louisa May Alcott nonetheless managed to write characters who did venture beyond the boundaries of assumed stereotypes in understated and subtle ways, and unlike authors such as Elizabeth Wetherell, these writers managed to present an alternative life for girls through their characters, and succeeded in upholding societys limitations upon girls in the process. Instead of doing nothing to challenge these stereotypes and being criticised for this issue, these writers somehow were able to empower their female audience to move beyond the restrictions of their domestic sphere and live a far more stimulating life, or in other cases if their female characters did eventually conform to the institution of marriage and a domestic orientated way of life, t hey would still manage to maintain the qualities which some readers may have deemed undesirable and inappropriate. Moreover, with the publication of Little Women in 1863, Alcott challenged and succeeded in changing what it was to be a young girl in the Victorian age, and for decades to come. Due to the vast popularity of the domestic fiction genre in the nineteenth century, it is certainly indisputable that the genre had great effect on its readers, whether it was the impressionable and innocent little girls which read them or the mothers who read them to their children. But an underlying question of this particular genre is whether the effect was constructive in terms of the development of womens rights and their prospects in life and the growth of their position within the social structure, or whether these novels merely upheld and supported the outdated and strict boundaries set upon women of the nineteenth century and earlier, and supported the stereotypes placed upon them without attempting to make changes to this. I will attempt to answer this question in the chapters that follow. Chapter 1: The embodiment of the feminine ideal: Elizabeth Wetherell, The Wide, Wide World (1850 published in Britain in 1852) The girl of the mid-nineteenth-century spent the majority of her time in the company of other women and middle-class girls in particular spent their time with their mothers, their sisters and female servants or nannies who may have lived with them in their houses. Their experience was majorly influenced and centred around a feminine community, in which domesticity and the domestic role which they would pursue in their futures was central to their lives. As the term implies, domestic literature presented the home and the family as the best context and environment for the character building and moral reformation. Drawing heavily on the Sunday school movement, the genre embodied children with the idea that they were able to transform and save others around them through charity, prayer and devotion. Domestic fiction generally tended to conform to one basic plot line, which featured the story of a young woman (possibly newly orphaned, or separated from her parents) deprived of support she had previously depended on and is thus faced with the task of making her own way in the strange and unfamiliar outside world. Her ego at the outset of the novel is often damaged or is simply non-existent, and she believes that her guardians will always be there to protect and coddle her; however she learns painfully that this is not the case as she becomes acquainted with the real world. This is a world in which she is extremely vulnerable certainly not immune to loss, pain or hardship as she may have previously been, and she is surrounded by people who are far less virtuous than her. The failure of the world to exceed her expectations awakens the young girl to her own possibilities, and what she herself is capable of due to her overwhelming good nature and spirituality. By the climax of the novel, the young woman would usually come to realize and believe in her own worth and most importantly, will come to realize an extremely significant Christian value that everything in life, e ven if it is bad, is caused by God and will eventually lead to something good. Commenting on domestic fiction, Nina Baym describes the genre of the domestic novel in Womens Fiction as the story of a young girl who is deprived of the supports she had rightly or wrongly depended on to sustain her throughout her life and is faced with the necessity of winning her own way in the world.  [5]  Written by Susan Warner and published under the pseudonym Elizabeth Wetherell, The Wide, Wide World is argued to be the novel which first established the genre of childrens domestic fiction, and one which certainly embodies these characteristics of the domestic novel. The Wide, Wide World is one of the earliest and best examples of what would grow to become the most popular genre of nineteenth century fiction the domestic (or sentimental) novel and furthermore, it is considered to be Americas first best-seller novel. Warner was an American evangelical writer of religious and childrens fiction and, of course, domestic fiction. However, as novels were considered by some to be sinful  [6]  and damaging to moral education, Warner described her novels as stories. Sales of the story were unprecedented during the time of its publication as in almost a year, The Wide, Wide World sold over 40,000 copies and this number would rise to 225,000 at the end of the 1850s. Her works were among some of the most popular of domestic fiction written in the nineteenth century, and many featured storylines in which both moral and religious messages were woven. Warners novel featured an accurate portrayal of what life was like during the Victorian era in America and this is one reason for its great popularity. Although the novel is written and set in America, the characters of the story are well-born English and Scottish, and they act according to their stock and upbringing, and a period at the end of the novel takes place in Scotland itself. As a result, despite this being an American text, The Wide, Wide World was wholly relevant and applicable to English readers. Mid-nineteenth century readers of the novel recognised and appreciated its relevance to their own lives and women saw themselves and their situations mirrored in the situation of the protagonist Ellen Montgomery, and the people she meets throughout the story. Although this book was written by a woman for women, it was not particularly aimed at children. What sets it aside as a childrens text and more importantly a girls text is the fact that the protagonist is a young woman. Published in 1850, the novel went through fourteen editions in just two years, and the novel was eventually published in Britain in 1852. It maintained its vast popularity throughout the nineteenth century; however it waned in popularity during the early part of the twentieth century, especially around the 1920s at a time when non-domestic childrens literature began to flourish. In What Katy Read: Feminist Re-readings of Classic Stories for Girls by scholars of nineteenth century girls fiction Shirley Foster and Judy Simons it is stated that Warners text served as a bridge between the pious Sunday school stories of the 1830s and the child-centred adventures of the latter half of the century and furthermore the novel featured an unprotected heroine overcomes suffering and tribulations to achieve spiritual perfection and moral maturity,  [7]  and this would become the archetypal plot which dominated the domestic fiction genre. As mentioned in the introduction, domestic fiction in some cases had become known as the language of tears, and Warners novel certainly conforms to this description, as we can see at many points throughout the text. The novel begins with the disruption of Ellens happy life, as her mother is dying and her father has lost his fortune and upon doctors recommendations, her parents travel to Europe, and it is unknown how long they will be absent. Ellen leads a fulfilling and pampered lifestyle in New York, and as a result of her parents departure, she must leave her home in order to live with her Aunt Fortune, her fathers sister (who seems to share his temperament) in the countryside. Ellen attempts to be brave for the sake of her mother; however she finds little comfort and is clearly devastated at her departure and Ellen, crying, flings her arms around her mother, and hiding her face in her lap gave way to a violent burst of grief that seemed for a few moments as if it would rend soul a nd body in twain.  [8]  As well as being a prime example of the domestic novel, The Wide, Wide World is considered to be a piece of sentimentalist literature, and the novel unquestionably portrays how sentimental Warners style is. The action of the story is introverted within Ellen, and we can see that she is a weepy character at many points throughout the novel. For example; Dressing was sad work to Ellen today; it went on very heavily. Tears dropped into the water as she stooped her heard to the basin,  [9]  is an extract from a four page stretch of the novel, and within these pages Ellen is portrayed to be crying on five separate occasions. On average, Ellen sheds her tears almost once every two pages, and it is clear that her readers are expected to cry with her, and many probably did. The Wide, Wide World is described as the quintessential domestic novel, and many feminist critics have focused on analyzing the novels portrayal of gender dynamics. Warners characters conformed to the stereotypes of ideal young women. Ellen Montgomery, the heroine of the novel, is the epitome of what society desired a young woman to be in the nineteenth century; her behaviour is always modest, indicative of unselfish submission to those in due authority over her, such as her parents. Elizabeth Wetherell was an early provider of the stereotype of a good girl on the most ideal lines.  [10]  Her conduct is perfectly ladylike and throughout the novel she pursues self improvement, and although she is descended from luxury and money, she discovers how to become domestic and to care for both the household and herself, and also commenting on this issue, Rowbotham goes on to claim; The message of didactic fiction throughout the nineteenth century was that feminine influence was more essential to the daily moral health and strength of the family unit and of the nation than that of a man. It was a womans first duty in life therefore, to become as professional in her sphere as a man in his; to cultivate her feminine talents in the emotional realm so as to maximise their usefulness within the domestic orbit  [11]   In addition to this, it was believed that self-sacrifice as opposed to self-sufficiency was what marked women as professionals, and Ellen certainly conforms to this belief and it is clear that she sacrifices her own desires for the benefit of those around her. We observe Ellens thoroughly good and self-sacrificing nature at many points in the novel, particularly when her Aunt Fortune becomes ill. Although her Aunt has treated Ellen badly since she arrived in her care, Ellen must cast this fact aside and take over as head of the household, as it was essential for an ideal nineteenth century girl to become adaptable and to keep her composure in difficult situations. Throughout the novel, Ellen experiences and learns self-sacrifice and unassuming nature and learns to do without the luxuries she has been used to, and it could be suggested that Ellen is the perfect embodiment of the Victorian feminine ideal, often referred to as The Angel in the House. The image of ideal womanhood, as def ined by Barbara Welter in her well-known article The Cult of True Womanhood features feminine virtues such as: Piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. Put them together and they spelled mother, daughter, sister, wife woman. Without them, not matter whether there was fame, achievement or wealth, was ashes. With them she was promised happiness and power.  [12]   Women were desired and largely required to embody these characteristics and to become the domestic ideal, and this Victorian image of the ideal wife and the ideal woman came to be known as The Angel in the House. The angel was powerless, passive and devoted to her husband, and completely pure. The expression Angel in the House originates from the title of the extremely popular poem by Coventry Patmore of the same name, in which he presents his wife Emily- the angel of the title as a model for all womankind, under the impression that his wife Emily was the absolute ideal Victorian wife. Warners novel is a text which features women, most notably Ellens mother and Alice Humphreys who conform to the ideals of The Angel in the House and it is from these women that Ellen learned to become the perfect and exemplary middle-class Victorian girl. As Signe O. Wegener observes in James Fenimore Cooper Versus The Cult Of Domesticity, Whereas [authors such as] Child and Sedgewick marginalize the mother, Warner allows her more prominence and influence, constantly emphasizing the almost symbolic attachment between mother and daughter. Mrs. Montgomery, although an invealid, is the most important person in the heroine Ellens life, carefully shaping her daughter into an angel in the house and a mirror of her pious and self-sacrificing self. As befits a mother from the hey-day of the cult of domesticity, she has the proper priorities.  [13]   Ellens mother is submissive to her husband, yet is conflicted as she does not want her daughter to be sent away and certainly does not want to go to Europe. However, since both her doctor and her husband (who are both dominant males) demand that she do, she must obey them and the narrator observes, Captain Montgomery added the weight of authority, insisting on her compliance. And of course, the submissive angel in the house, Mrs. Montgomery is required to succumb to the separation. Mrs. Montgomery has absolutely no power in her husbands household yet she never voices her complaints, even when she is to be separated from Ellen whom she loves and adores Ellen learns and demonstrates much throughout the novel from her guidance and it is evident that this is what her mother desires, and we are presented with this fact upon her mothers departure when Ellen is presented with a bible and workbox, essential items for the ideal Victorian girl. The reason for these gifts, her mother explains, is that these will provide everything necessary for keeping up good habits, and that this will help Mrs. Montgomery to rest assured that Ellen will: be always neat, and tidy, and industrious, depending upon others as little as possible; and careful to improve yourself by every means [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] I will leave you no excuse, Ellen, for failing in any of these duties. I trust you will not disappoint me in a single particular.  [14]   Furthermore, under her the guidance of her mother (albeit, her invalid mother) Ellen learns to become the the angel in the house, and one instance in which we can see this is the point at which Ellen experiments in poking the fire in her home. As Mrs. Montgomery is unfit for housework, Ellen learns to recognize the unspoken agreement in which the household duties are transferred onto her: The room was dark and cheerless; and Ellen felt stiff and chilly. However, she made her way to the fire, and having found the poker, she applied it gently to the Liverpool coal with such good effort that a bright ruddy blaze sprang up, and lighted the whole room. Ellen smiled at the result of her experiment. That is something like, she said to herself; who says I cant poke the fire? Now, let us see if I cant do something else.  [15]   Ellen is often unsure of her abilities within the domestic sphere, and this experiment with the poker gives her some idea of what she could be able to perform, and what outcomes they could provide for the house and for others around her and this is clear as she continues experimenting within the room. This suggests, quite literally, that her labours could light up and bring warmth to a cold, dark and cheerless home. She could become the angel in the house or the light of the home and through her domestic labour, as we can see, Ellen herself becomes happier and far more contented. Furthermore, it would appear that her mothers instruction and influence was not in vain and Ellen has seemingly fulfilled her mothers wishes, as we can see by friends describing Ellen as: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] a most extraordinary child! said Mrs. Gillespie. She is a good child, said Mrs. Chauncey. Yes mamma, I dont think she could help being polite. It is not that, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] mere sweetness and politeness would never give so much elegance of manner. As far as I have seen, Ellen Montgomery is a perfectly well-behaved child. That she is said Mrs. Chauncey; but neither would any cultivation or example be sufficient for it without Ellens through good principle and great sweetness of temper.  [16]   The embodiment of the angel in the house seems to be a dominant theme throughout Warners text, however one of the women in the forefront of Ellens life who should essentially serve as a kind of substitute of Ellens mother, is the exact opposite of this feminine ideal. Ellen, despite all that her mother has left her with to make an ideal life for herself in her absence, finds little solace with her fathers sister, Fortune Emerson. Described in What Katy Read as: In terms of the paradigmatic fairy-tale structure of the novel, she is the wicked stepmother. Apparently incapable of affection and bearing deep grudges, she tyrannises over Ellen: she cheats her of her mothers letters, she refuses to make it possible for her to attend the local school, and in order to vindicate herself in the eyes of Mr. Van Brunt, her farm manager, she makes her niece confess to faults of which she is not guilty. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] In gender terms, indeed, she seems not only more male than female, but embodies a domineering and aggressive masculinity.  [17]   Ellens Aunt Fortune turns out to be the complete opposite of her mother. Unkind and callous, she shows Ellen no affection whatsoever, and in a letter to her mother, it is clear just how uneasy Aunt Fortune makes her, even in aspects beyond her control such as her appearance and manner: I wish there was somebody here that I could love, but there is not. You will want to know what sort of person my aunt Fortune is. I think she is very good looking, or she would be if her nose were not quite so sharp: but, mamma, I cant tell you what sort of feeling I have about her: it seems to me as if she was sharp all over. Im sure her eyes are as sharp as two needles. And she doesnt walk like other people; at least sometimes. She makes queer little jerks and starts and jumps, and flies about like I dont know what.  [18]   In her new life with her aunt who is neither a lady nor a Christian and who certainly does not behave in a familial manner towards Ellen, Ellen is clearly superior. Furthermore, Aunt Fortune blatantly denies Ellen the further education that her mother desired. Only when Ellen meets Alice Humphrey, a refined Christian woman (who is certainly reminiscent of her mother) does she find consolation in such an unforgiving and seemingly hopeless place. Alice is a pious and idealistic woman and as the daughter of a minister, she is a faithful churchgoer unlike anyone else in the area. Alice essentially takes Ellen under her wing and with this new found companionship, and Ellen receives the schooling and moral instruction that her Aunt Fortune has denied her. Alice and her bother John, who is often away studying at school, save Ellen from the unkind and impious atmosphere her aunt has created and this act of rescue by Alice supports the idea and instruction that girls should not affirm their own desires, but wait for a fellow Christian to act as a saviour and to intervene and of course in this kind of domestic novel, this was always the case. As well as supporting the ideal of the angel in the house and creating characters that appear to embody all of the characteristics of the Victorian feminine ideal, The Wide, Wide World also promotes the Christian idea that the good and virtuous die young, but despite an early demise their deaths are seen as being religiously meaningful however untimely. As a result of these deaths, other characters are able to recognize the failure in their own morals. Although Aunt Fortune is gravely ill, Warner does not allow her a meaningful death as she is not religious or devout enough to be worthy of it. However Alice Humphreys enters Ellens life as an ideal role model and certainly the embodiment of the feminine ideal, and her thoroughly good and pure nature essentially means that she is not for this world: She is able to mount a rescue mission and take over Mrs. Montgomerys duties. However, Alice Humphreys is such a perfect Angel in the House that it is not surprising that Death had already marked her for his own. Before she dies, Ellen learns from her how best to combine education, accomplishments and domesticity, taking over Alices place as daughter and provider of comfort in the Humphrey household.  [19]   Both

The Neuropsychology Korsakoff Syndrome Psychology Essay

The Neuropsychology Korsakoff Syndrome Psychology Essay This study is investigating on a specific patient (Mr C) whos suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. In this report, the case study indicates mainly to memory deficiency. The sequence of events in this case study is used to show the possibilities of side effects of chronic alcohol abuse which is also known as Korsakoff syndrome. The literature review introduces the medical model of Korsakoff syndrome that is presented with particular attention that has a link to anterograde and retrograde amnesia. A variety of memory tests were set for the patient in order to provide more reliable diagnosis. The results from different studies were compared to the normative brain and Korsakoff patients to see the similarity. Furthermore, after the results were undertaken the results shown a variety of scores which indicated that the patient needed further treatments. Lastly, suggestions for prevention and treatments damages that the patient may have will be presented. Introduction Indicating to Mr Cs case study, the patient may have developed Korsakoff syndrome. Korsakoff syndrome is associated with Diencephalic Amnesia which is seen as neurological disease. Patients that are experiencing this condition are highly related to heavy alcohol consumptions over a very long period (Butterworth, 1989). Heavy alcohol is a public health problem with almost one in four people in the UK reporting having had this problem at some point in their lives (Kessler, 1994). This study is based on Korsakoff syndrome thats caused by alcohol related issue which Mr C has clearly been taking nearly half of his life due to going downhill during some time (Appendix 1). This is the reason patients may lead to obtaining the syndrome. This is based on biological evidence that heavy alcohol consumption may lead to thiamine deficiency which affects the brain and the nervous systems. People who drink excessive amount of alcohol may damage important area part within the brain, resulting serve short term memory loss where the patient constantly asks the same questions and repeats the same stories (Sergei Korsakoff, 1879). Many heavy drinkers have poor dieting problems which their body doesnt contain much vitamins, due to the fact that alcoholics spend time trying to replace high calories food with alcohol. This can cause a lot of complications in the patients body as the intestinal mucosa could be damaged by the alcohol which can lead to make it difficult for the liver to store vitamins. Alcohol plays a role that interferes with the change of thiamine into the active form of vitamin which is known as thiamine pyrophosphate. Korsakoff syndrome inflames the stomach lining in your body that causes frequent vomiting, and m ake it harder for the body to absorb the main vitamins. Thiamine deficiency is a clear sign of the development of Korsakoff syndrome. (Moselhy, Georgiou, Kahn, 2001). However, due to the biological evidence there are many symptoms that may appear suddenly within few days. The patients that have normal IQs are alert and attentive, appear motivated, and generally lack other neurological signs of cerebral deficits such as abnormal EEGs. Most patients with Korsakoff syndrome have a deficit in visual-perception. Mr C has the same symptoms that occur in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (1881). Although Sergei Korsakoff (1879) didnt take any notice to Wernickes work, he mentioned the existence of several of the same type of symptoms in his patients (Gudden, 1896). Wernicke suggested that mental confusion and eye movement disturbances were the primary symptoms and the first stage of Korsakoff Syndrome. As there is a strong indication of Korsakoff syndrome, the patients behaviour and symptoms has a big impact in the patients lifestyle. Change in personality (become unconcerned, lacking of emotional reactions, talkative etc), confabulation (makeup information they cant remember), loss of muscle co-ordination when the patients balance is weak, memory loss (unable to recall information), and difficulty in obtaining new information or learning new skills (amnesia). (Spear, 2002). In addition, there are two types of well known form of amnesia (anterograde and retrograde) that play a role in Korsakoff syndrome which encounter chronic alcohol. Alcohol has shown various affective memory levels including semantic, prospective, explicit, episodic and implicit (Fama, 2006, dYdewalle Van Damme, 2007). Problems with the patients short term memory are a strong sign of support to the patients having Korsakoff syndrome due to the characteristic of the syndrome being severe and having memory loss which is a type of amnesia. The episodic and semantic memory of a patient with Korsakoff syndrome is the most affected characteristic, episodic refers to events from the persons past (going back in time) and semantic memories deal with knowledge of facts, language and concepts. In the terms of the retrograde memory, there are many tests that can measure the aspects of memory used by significant events which had happened during the past year of the patients life. Remote Memory Impairment calculates the patients past history; its a multiple choice questions test thats applied. This test measures if the patient can remember the past events that have occurred in their life. The questions are given to recall there memory and testing there memory stage of their life for example about time and place of their birth, age, names of schools they attended, etc. (Cohen Sqauire, 1981). As for anterograde memory, is a different memory aspect to the retrograde test. There is a different Remote Memory Impairment test that would be given to patients which measures there memory on recalling famous faces and words. Patients will be assessed on; famous face recognition, identification and naming, and famous name recognition and identification. Overall the results will show an indication to a minimal outline of preserved remote memory with evidence of an association between remote memory performance and decision making functioning in the patients brain. (Albert, 1981). Furthermore assessments can be also applied for the patients who are suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) can be applied which is quiet common, to assess the patients intelligence; it measures the verbal and nonverbal abilities of adults. The assessment has been revised over the recent years the person scoring it would look to see if there are any differences between the verbal and non verbal sections. If there is any big difference between the two sections will indicate to learning problem. (David Wechsler, 1955). The aim of this study that is going to be carried out by several tests, the patient is experiencing through mental deficits from Korsakoff syndrome. A small amount of tests will be given to the patient to see if the symptoms displayed by the patient are the same as the symptoms of someone who is suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. Overall, if the patient is found with any complications regarding any condition, further action and preventions measures will be recommended to improve the patients lifestyle. Method Design- This experiment is a case study base (Appendix 1). Participants-Mr C, as an only one patient that is being assessed in this study, the participant is one perceived to be suffering from Korsakoff syndrome, which displays many symptoms related to his case study (Appendix 1). Materials- the tests that are going to be taking place are; Remote memory assessments- Famous faces test- have to indentify 150 photographs of famous people (anterograde amnesia) Past event test- multiple choice test, 88 events questions (retrograde amnesia). Weschler Adult intelligence scale (WAIS) Working memory index; Arithmetic, Digit span and Letter-Number Sequencing. California Verbal Learning (CVLT) Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)- assessment of memory function, supplementary memory questions should be asked, e.g. about recent news, family or personal events. Implementation- These tests are being used on the patient due to find out if the patient has any mental deficits issues and any complications he might have in his everyday life. Before taking the tests, the patient will be required to be sober from alcohol for a period of time, to ensure that there were no effects which might cause cognitive issues on the results. Results from all the tests as described in the material section are compared to similar case studies that have been diagnosed with Korsakoff syndrome as well as a healthy normative control group. It will be compared between both group controls to provide rationale of the patients conditions. Results Source (tests) Normative Korsakoff patient Control Indentify famous faces (anterograde amnesia) 41 15 38.1 88 multiple choice questions on past events (retrograde amnesia) 70 46 41.1 Working memory index (WAIS) 108 56.7 55 California Verbal Learning (CVLT) 13 2 12 Memory Scale (WMS) 32 12 26 The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 24 2.6 3.1 Findings; the patients with Korsakoff syndrome have diencephalic lesions indentified. Remote memory assessment Indentify famous faces (anterograde amnesia)- The famous faces identification assessment clearly shows the patients performance appeared to be weak which the patient scored 15, compared to the normative scoring 41. This may be due to primarily to loss of semantic knowledge regarding famous persons. Multiple choice questions on past events (retrograde amnesia)- patient has shown similar remote memory impairment in Korsakoff syndrome might reflect to anterograde amnesia. Mr C may be going through nerve breakdown. Working memory index (WAIS) the results show the Korsakoff patient impairment within the episodic and working memory. the control and Korsakoff scoring has displayed similar scorings of episodic and working memory deficits. this shows similar patterns of brain damage compared to the normative score. the technique was overall was found not to be significant. California Verbal Learning (CVLT) the recalling tests showed the patients Memory Scale (WMS) the patient scoring was not significant which shows in the results of 12, the results shows the control scoring were higher than the patients score. Mini mental state examination The test that was undertaken by the patients was used to screen for cognitive impairment to help to screen for global confusion which Mr C has. the scores show he defiantly has memory disorder if you see the comparison to the normative scoring of 24 and the patients scoring shows 2.6 which is really low. it has shows that he failed the MMSE recall item. the results has clearly displayed impairments of episodic memory, recollection, contextual memory and retrieval. Discussion Based on the overall results, there is a strong indication that Mr C has Korsakoff syndrome. The patients test performances show that there are impairments in memory in Mr C compared to the normative results. The results showed a clear evidence for the typical mental deficits associated with Korsakoff syndrome. Furthermore, to help the patient to overcome the symptoms there should be a variety of techniques which could be used to try to reduce the symptoms that the patient is experiencing, which may be based on therapies which have shown positive beneficial to the condition. To minimise the symptoms there are types of medical drugs that could be given to the patient in order to help them reduce the side effects of mental deficits that the patient may be going through due to Korsakoff syndrome. Due to Mr C vomiting he will need to take IV Thiamine drinking plenty water right away, even though the improvement is a slow process he will need to change his diet along with it. This is found to give improvements in the memory deficits that may have caused by the condition particularly if the patient who have memory deficits due to alcohol. Likewise, if the patient wouldnt like to take any medication they will have to change their diet. This might be the prevention that caused nerve damage to the patient which has stated above its due to thiamine deficiency. Healthy lifestyle includes drinking alcohol only within a safe recommendation amount (up to 3-4 units a day for men, and 2-3 units a day for women). Eating a balance will help the patient by eating, whole grain, vegetables and wheat which may lead to preventing further memory loss (Hillbom, 2006); it could improve memory, cognitive impairment and confusion in Korsakoff patients. In addition, the most effective method of preventing Korsakoff syndrome is to avoid vitamin/thiamine B deficiency. In the western countries, the most common causes of mental deficits are due to extreme alcohol and weight disorders. Thus, requiring preventing this companies that sell alcoholic beverages to supplement them with B vitamin/thiamine would avoid many cases of Korsakoff. In conclusion, the patient has shown to have Korsakoff syndrome which he had a sufficient amount of memory deficits within himself that show adequate evidence of Korsakoff syndrome. This report shows describes the most effective and practical way of controlling the condition at the present time and providing improvements to the patients lifestyle, it leads to variety of assessments. Further Still, there are several criticism associated with memory assessments which have been used in this study, it may not be utterly reliable to diagnose the patient, therefore it may be wise to administer further testing on the patient throughout their life to make sure the he is accurately diagnosed of the conditions. It is very often falls to the psychiatrist to coordinate care for the patients, a psychiatrist is highly recommended for Mr C to follow-up, arrange placement, and assess further tests when necessary. GP will be there supporting the patients and families. Long-term outcomes have been studied previous patients are reported to have a normal life expectancy if they remain sober from alcohol (Leenane, 1986).

Wind Power Essay -- Wind Power Energy Sources Essays

Wind Power Harnessing the natural power of the wind is by no means a new concept. Asides from sailing, wind power has been utilised for many thousands of years, principally for agricultural purposes. Basic windmills are thought to have been used in Persia (now Iran) as early as the 7th century AD. Their ability to make use of otherwise untapped energy sources without the needs and costs of other alternatives, ensured that they remained the machines of preference in several industries throughout both agricultural and industrial revolutions. Whilst their basic concepts have remained true to the basic origins, technological advances have enabled engineers to adapt the mechanics of the mill to enable a more functional and useable source of power. In the 18th C, engineers developed spring sails (a device incorporating shutters onto the sails) to enable the mill to be run at constant speed during variable wind speeds automatically. The development of the fantail in 1745 also ensured the mills ran in the face of the wind and along with airbrakes meant that the mill could run at its most efficient at all times without the risk of doing itself damage in strong winds. Uses developed into water pumping, wood sawing, papermaking, pressing oil seeds and a variety of grinding uses. The use of wind turbines for generating electricity was pioneered in Denmark late in the 1890s. The concept was made a reality by Poul la Cour (1846-1908) who had originally trained as a meteorologist. He built the world's first electricity generating wind turbine in 1891 and although his project was a success, decided the greatest problem lay in storage of the electricity. As a result he used the electricity from his turbines for electrolysis in order to produce hydrogen for the gas lighting in his school.  ¡Ã‚ §One basic drawback of this scheme was the fact that he had to replace the windows of several school buildings numerous times, as the hydrogen exploded due to small amounts of oxygen in the gas (!) ¡Ã‚ ¨ DWTMA. As technological barriers were worked through, wind turbines became increasingly complicated. One of the greatest developments was the use of aerofoils instead of angled blades. Aerofoils have the benefit of using lift to turn the blades in the same manner as an aircraft ¡Ã‚ ¦s wing rises on an air current. This type of blade replaced the older type, which relied upon drag, t... ...9, www.foe.co.uk Energy without end, Michael Flood, Friends of the Earth, London 1991 Green Futures, Magazine of Forum for the Future, Issues 6 1997- issue 11 1998, London Johnston, Bryan, 'Landscape effects leave wind power up in the air,' Planning 1084, 2.9.94. Milne, Roger, 'Renewables feel the draught,' Planning no. 1095, 18.11.94. Microsoft Encarta 1996 Encyclopaedia, www.msn.com Rothe, David, 'Renewable energy and rural development,' Town and Country Planning, March 1993. Review of the impacts of wind farms and other aerial structures upon birds, J Paul Gill, Mike Townsley & Greg P Mudge, Scottish National Heritage Review no.21, Perth UK, 1996 UK Power 99, McMillan- Scott PLC Publications, Cheshire December 1998 Wood, Peter & Wade-Smith, Richard, 'Welsh decision sets the wind farm scene', Planning 939, October  ¡Ã‚ ¥91. Wind Energy Conservation- from theory to practice- Proceedings of the 19th BWEA Conference (16-18 July  ¡Ã‚ ¦97), Edited by Ray Hunter, The British Wind Energy Association, Mechanical Engineering publications Ltd, London 1997 Wind Energy- Power for a sustainable future, British Wind Energy Association, London 1997, www.bwea.com

AFRICA Essay -- essays research papers

HOW HAS THE SPREAD OF AIDS AFFECTED AFRICAN SOCIETY 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baer, Hans., et al. â€Å"Medical Anthropology and the World System.† A Critical Perspective Ch. 8: p159-269. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stine, Gerald J. â€Å"Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome†¦ The facts written are by Gerald J. Stine in â€Å"Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome† . Worldwide, about 9,000 persons a day become HIV-infected. The majority of all HIV infections worldwide occur in people ages 15-24. Over 1 million people die of AIDS each year. The number of HIV-infections worldwide has tripled since 1990! It is estimated that there will be a 20% drop in population in East Africa by the year 2001 because of AIDS (Stine, 360). â€Å"AIDS is the leading cause of deaths among adult men and the second leading cause of deaths among adult women in Africa† (Bethel, 13).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is extremely difficult to judge the exact extent of AIDS in Africa, either geographically or in the population† so rather than just focusing on Western Africa , we should look at the bigger picture (Bethel, 138). Also, â€Å"we can assert that AIDS cases do not occur on the African continent in a uniform fashion but rather form an â€Å"AIDS Belt† in central, southern, and eastern Africa† (Bethel, 138). First, Let me tell you that Third World Nations makeup three fourths of the Earth’s population, and combining that fact with the fact that these worlds are not as advanced and have an lesser knowledge of prevention, and AIDS , it is not very surprising that these countries populations are impacted by death. â€Å"Africa, with about 12% of the world’s population, is now reporting around 25% of the world’s AIDS cases. It is estimated to have over 65% of the total number of HIV-infected adults and 90% of the world’s HIV-infected children† (Stine, 364). An incredible and unbelievable fact that shows the impact of the disease in Africa is that 6,000 Africans are HIV-infected each day which is 250 persons per hour or four per minute. Between 20% and 30% of sexually active adults between the ages of 20 and 40 are believed to be infected with HIV in some urban places of sub-Sahara Africa, where the disease is felt the hardest. In rural areas, where the most of the people live, seriousness is much lower but is still rising. Stine also mentions that available evidence shows that it is unlikely that the spre... ...woman may choose to breastfeed her baby regardless to protect the baby against many more other infections. Also, it is allowed by most cultures, and it’s free. And third, if artificial feeding is chosen, the mother must take chances on the water-supply that can give her child other deadly diseases. Fortunately though, developing countries are giving information about infant feeding to HIV-infected woman who are pregnant. In developing countries rather than Western society, their mentality is much more different. Western societies can prevent illness and death because of knowledge that Africans don’t have. In developing countries, they worry more about living for today, which means that they face death from AIDS in five years from prostitution or death from starvation tomorrow from lack of money. In a lot of cases, if the wife is worried and wants to use condoms, she is threatened with the husband leaving her for another woman. In that case, the wife would eventually have to go to the streets for money and that means beginning prostitution. This never-ending cycle of poverty and ignorance can only be broken by education, which still may not be enough. God help them!

The History of the Corset Essay -- History Women Feminism

Throughout history, a person’s economic and social rank could be shown through what clothes they wore. In ancient Egypt, a person of upper class was permitted by law to wear sandals on the harsh, desert floor. Because of these laws, female-confining ideals arose. For example, the Greeks and Romans controlled the type, color, and number of undergarments worn by women and the kind of fabric dà ©cor used on them. The torso became the sculpting block of feminine beauty. This was the beginning of the corset, a restraining, essential item in the women’s attire through the 19th century. During the Renaissance period, the corset resembled a cone, as it was small at the waist and uplifting at the bosom. It extended from the underarm to just below the waist. The typical female’s corset was made stiff with metal or wood. Again, a woman of higher economical or social standing would have one made special with whalebone. During this time and through the Romantic period, a woman was put to shame if she was found absent of a corset or her waist size was not small enough. At that period in time, a 15 to 18 inch waist was acceptable. Anything exceeding those measurements was thought to be absurd. Thusly, restricting corsets were the norm and often resulted in physical deformities. For example, rib cages were often cracked or grew warped due to constricting corsets. The corset was found rigid and compressing in the 1700s. Early 1800s brought some enlightening change: Mantua dresses were m...

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Even though he is quite huh amble about his integrity and claims taking Tom's case was just like taking any other case, it ha d to of taken courage to do such a thing. Tactics broke away from the mainstream by sticks Eng to his gut and did what was right. Following Tactics' footsteps is Scout, Scout learns very quickly from her faith err the idea of courage and integrity. SCOUt learns these things at a very young age, although h she might not realize that her open mindedness takes a vast amount of courage. To truly u understand and give people a chance while being so young is inspiring.When Scout stands up for Walter Cunningham in class she knows she could get in trouble but does it anyway. This is the exact idea of Tactics' definition of courage. Another character with plenty of brave examples is Tom Robinson, Tactics' clip .NET. When Tom spoke in court about pitying the white girl (Male) he knew that it would nag err the others but he spoke his true feelings anyway. At the end of i t all Tom gets sent to prison, he tries to escape hill knowing full well that he had a very small chance in succeeding but once e again he does it anyway.Tom knew he was â€Å"licked† but saw it through till the end. The Finch's neighbor, mysterious Boo Raddled, does several unexpected acts of kindness that took a pretty good amount of courage. Boo doesn't like going outside and bee Eng around a lot of people, but he makes some decisions that risk being outside and being by MO re people than usual. For example, Boo sees Scout, Jam, and Dill snooping around his proper TTY so he puts some resents in the hole off big tree for the children to have.Boo also saves Soc UT from a scalding fire by giving her a thick blanket, Boo could've badly hurt himself but he risks t hat to save an innocent child's life. Not everyone would risk their own life for another's, but Boo does just that which shows his amazing amount of courage and integrity. So, what is your definition of courage? Make it your goal to fulfill that define Zion multiple times just like Tactics, Scout, Tom, and Boo have. Harper Lee's â€Å"To Kill a Mock inning† sis book about courage, and to aspire to be a good person. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Over the course of three years, a seemingly quiet town faced the unexpected. A fruitless trial was held, innocence was lost, blood was shed, and an unlikely friend emerged. Written by Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the city of Macomb during the sass. The book tells the story through the childish views of Jean Louse Finch (Scout), as she and her brother Gem face Instances of human evil. Alongside the two is their father Tactics, who gradually teaches the two to fight against their own well-being and do what they feel is right.In the story, Lee demonstrates Scout's personality growth through her newfound morals, ability to look past misconceptions morals, and rejection of gender stereotypes. Scout gradually acquires moral values by learning how to reduce her urge to resort to unnecessary violence. Concerned, Tactics lectures Scout about her tendency of fighting with classmates: â€Å"†¦ You Just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anybo dy says to you, don't let ‘me get your goat† (Lee 76).Tactics disapproves of Scout's quick decisions of resorting to violence and asks her to earn to control her temper. Due to Scout being young, Tactics is worried about the consequences that come with getting into fights frequently and because he worries that Scout will follow a wrong path. After the talk, Scout does in fact obey his advice about controlling her temper and walks away from a fight: â€Å"l drew bead on him, remembered what Tactics had said, then dropped my fists and walked away, ‘Scout's a coward! ‘ ringing in my ears.It was the first time I had ever walked away from a fight. Somehow, if I fought Cecil I would let Tactics down. Tactics so rarely asked Gem and me to do something for him, I could take being called a coward for him† (Lee 76). Scout, for the first time In her inure life, walked away from a fight all because of what Tactics had said earlier. She showed that she is growing u p by being able to keep herself under control of her emotions. Finch's thought of personal honor is shifted from flitting being a solution to being able to not cause an uproar for no reason.Though It seems to be the right decision at the time, unnecessary violence only makes matters worse. As the story progresses, Scout realizes that the stereotypical image of a lady isn't what being a woman is about. Thinking over gender stereotypes, Scout talks to herself about not being handle the huge shift: â€Å"l felt the starched walls of a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on me, and for the second time in my life I thought of running away† (Lee 136). Scout takes Aunt Alexandra actions against her pants as being against her freedom.For Scout, being a lady-in-training means giving up all the things she Likes to do and replacing them with what others expect her to do, and he'll have none of it. When Aunt Alexandra returns to her tea party with a serious look after hearing about Tom's death, Scout sets her as a new example: â€Å"After all, if Aunt could be a lady at a time like this, so could l† (Lee 237). Looking at Aunt Alexandra, Scout took pride In following her lead. Though she still Isn't comfortable with the guidelines that ladies must follow, Scout does pick up on the examples of the strong women in her life.Scout doesn't ever abandon her tomboyish ways, but 1 OFF also acquires the ability to look past misconceptions. Speaking to herself, Scout thinks about how terrifying Arthur Raddled (Boo) must be: â€Å"Every night-sound I heard from my cot on the back porch was magnified three-fold; every scratch of feet on gravel was Boo Raddled seeking revenge, every passing Negro laughing in the night was Boo Raddled loose and after us; insects splashing against the screen were Boo Reader's insane fingers picking the wire to pieces; the chicanery trees were malignant, hovering, alive† (Lee 55).Though Scout has never seen Boo before, she is quick to hint that he must be a frightening, violent person. Scout unknowingly connects something that she doesn't know as ominous, and in Scout's mind the whole world becomes dangerous-?every sound signaling a threat. After she met Boo, Scout looks back on how she previously treated Boo and regrets her actions: â€Å"Neighbors bring food with death and flowers with sickness and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, a pair of good-luck pennies, and our lives. But neighbors give in return.We never put back into the tree what we took out of it: we had given him nothing, and it made me sad† (Lee 278). Once Scout realizes all of the things that Boo has done for her, she regrets not giving anything in return. As Scout begins to grow up, she is able to look at things in a new light. A part of maturing is learning to not Judge people at first glance, because the brightest of people could be found in the dark. Through To Kill a M ockingbird, Jean Louise Finch learned to avoid trouble, Just by following Attic's orders on not causing n uproar with her fists.Through To Kill a Mockingbird, Jean Louise Finch learned that being a lady isn't all about tea parties and frolicking in dresses, but it's also about standing up for your own opinions. Above all, Jean Louise Finch learned that the unknown may not end up being such a scary thing after all. Maturity has a variety of definitions, but Scout learned hers as many others have-?through experience. She has matured immensely compared to how she was in the beginning of the story, but she is still only a mockingbird that has Just begun to sing. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Even though he is quite huh amble about his integrity and claims taking Tom's case was just like taking any other case, it ha d to of taken courage to do such a thing. Tactics broke away from the mainstream by sticks Eng to his gut and did what was right. Following Tactics' footsteps is Scout, Scout learns very quickly from her faith err the idea of courage and integrity. SCOUt learns these things at a very young age, although h she might not realize that her open mindedness takes a vast amount of courage. To truly u understand and give people a chance while being so young is inspiring.When Scout stands up for Walter Cunningham in class she knows she could get in trouble but does it anyway. This is the exact idea of Tactics' definition of courage. Another character with plenty of brave examples is Tom Robinson, Tactics' clip .NET. When Tom spoke in court about pitying the white girl (Male) he knew that it would nag err the others but he spoke his true feelings anyway. At the end of i t all Tom gets sent to prison, he tries to escape hill knowing full well that he had a very small chance in succeeding but once e again he does it anyway.Tom knew he was â€Å"licked† but saw it through till the end. The Finch's neighbor, mysterious Boo Raddled, does several unexpected acts of kindness that took a pretty good amount of courage. Boo doesn't like going outside and bee Eng around a lot of people, but he makes some decisions that risk being outside and being by MO re people than usual. For example, Boo sees Scout, Jam, and Dill snooping around his proper TTY so he puts some resents in the hole off big tree for the children to have.Boo also saves Soc UT from a scalding fire by giving her a thick blanket, Boo could've badly hurt himself but he risks t hat to save an innocent child's life. Not everyone would risk their own life for another's, but Boo does just that which shows his amazing amount of courage and integrity. So, what is your definition of courage? Make it your goal to fulfill that define Zion multiple times just like Tactics, Scout, Tom, and Boo have. Harper Lee's â€Å"To Kill a Mock inning† sis book about courage, and to aspire to be a good person. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Over the course of three years, a seemingly quiet town faced the unexpected. A fruitless trial was held, innocence was lost, blood was shed, and an unlikely friend emerged. Written by Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the city of Macomb during the sass. The book tells the story through the childish views of Jean Louse Finch (Scout), as she and her brother Gem face Instances of human evil. Alongside the two is their father Tactics, who gradually teaches the two to fight against their own well-being and do what they feel is right.In the story, Lee demonstrates Scout's personality growth through her newfound morals, ability to look past misconceptions morals, and rejection of gender stereotypes. Scout gradually acquires moral values by learning how to reduce her urge to resort to unnecessary violence. Concerned, Tactics lectures Scout about her tendency of fighting with classmates: â€Å"†¦ You Just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anybo dy says to you, don't let ‘me get your goat† (Lee 76).Tactics disapproves of Scout's quick decisions of resorting to violence and asks her to earn to control her temper. Due to Scout being young, Tactics is worried about the consequences that come with getting into fights frequently and because he worries that Scout will follow a wrong path. After the talk, Scout does in fact obey his advice about controlling her temper and walks away from a fight: â€Å"l drew bead on him, remembered what Tactics had said, then dropped my fists and walked away, ‘Scout's a coward! ‘ ringing in my ears.It was the first time I had ever walked away from a fight. Somehow, if I fought Cecil I would let Tactics down. Tactics so rarely asked Gem and me to do something for him, I could take being called a coward for him† (Lee 76). Scout, for the first time In her inure life, walked away from a fight all because of what Tactics had said earlier. She showed that she is growing u p by being able to keep herself under control of her emotions. Finch's thought of personal honor is shifted from flitting being a solution to being able to not cause an uproar for no reason.Though It seems to be the right decision at the time, unnecessary violence only makes matters worse. As the story progresses, Scout realizes that the stereotypical image of a lady isn't what being a woman is about. Thinking over gender stereotypes, Scout talks to herself about not being handle the huge shift: â€Å"l felt the starched walls of a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on me, and for the second time in my life I thought of running away† (Lee 136). Scout takes Aunt Alexandra actions against her pants as being against her freedom.For Scout, being a lady-in-training means giving up all the things she Likes to do and replacing them with what others expect her to do, and he'll have none of it. When Aunt Alexandra returns to her tea party with a serious look after hearing about Tom's death, Scout sets her as a new example: â€Å"After all, if Aunt could be a lady at a time like this, so could l† (Lee 237). Looking at Aunt Alexandra, Scout took pride In following her lead. Though she still Isn't comfortable with the guidelines that ladies must follow, Scout does pick up on the examples of the strong women in her life.Scout doesn't ever abandon her tomboyish ways, but 1 OFF also acquires the ability to look past misconceptions. Speaking to herself, Scout thinks about how terrifying Arthur Raddled (Boo) must be: â€Å"Every night-sound I heard from my cot on the back porch was magnified three-fold; every scratch of feet on gravel was Boo Raddled seeking revenge, every passing Negro laughing in the night was Boo Raddled loose and after us; insects splashing against the screen were Boo Reader's insane fingers picking the wire to pieces; the chicanery trees were malignant, hovering, alive† (Lee 55).Though Scout has never seen Boo before, she is quick to hint that he must be a frightening, violent person. Scout unknowingly connects something that she doesn't know as ominous, and in Scout's mind the whole world becomes dangerous-?every sound signaling a threat. After she met Boo, Scout looks back on how she previously treated Boo and regrets her actions: â€Å"Neighbors bring food with death and flowers with sickness and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, a pair of good-luck pennies, and our lives. But neighbors give in return.We never put back into the tree what we took out of it: we had given him nothing, and it made me sad† (Lee 278). Once Scout realizes all of the things that Boo has done for her, she regrets not giving anything in return. As Scout begins to grow up, she is able to look at things in a new light. A part of maturing is learning to not Judge people at first glance, because the brightest of people could be found in the dark. Through To Kill a M ockingbird, Jean Louise Finch learned to avoid trouble, Just by following Attic's orders on not causing n uproar with her fists.Through To Kill a Mockingbird, Jean Louise Finch learned that being a lady isn't all about tea parties and frolicking in dresses, but it's also about standing up for your own opinions. Above all, Jean Louise Finch learned that the unknown may not end up being such a scary thing after all. Maturity has a variety of definitions, but Scout learned hers as many others have-?through experience. She has matured immensely compared to how she was in the beginning of the story, but she is still only a mockingbird that has Just begun to sing. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Over the course of three years, a seemingly quiet town faced the unexpected. A fruitless trial was held, innocence was lost, blood was shed, and an unlikely friend emerged. Written by Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the city of Macomb during the sass. The book tells the story through the childish views of Jean Louse Finch (Scout), as she and her brother Gem face Instances of human evil. Alongside the two is their father Tactics, who gradually teaches the two to fight against their own well-being and do what they feel is right.In the story, Lee demonstrates Scout's personality growth through her newfound morals, ability to look past misconceptions morals, and rejection of gender stereotypes. Scout gradually acquires moral values by learning how to reduce her urge to resort to unnecessary violence. Concerned, Tactics lectures Scout about her tendency of fighting with classmates: â€Å"†¦ You Just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anybo dy says to you, don't let ‘me get your goat† (Lee 76).Tactics disapproves of Scout's quick decisions of resorting to violence and asks her to earn to control her temper. Due to Scout being young, Tactics is worried about the consequences that come with getting into fights frequently and because he worries that Scout will follow a wrong path. After the talk, Scout does in fact obey his advice about controlling her temper and walks away from a fight: â€Å"l drew bead on him, remembered what Tactics had said, then dropped my fists and walked away, ‘Scout's a coward! ‘ ringing in my ears.It was the first time I had ever walked away from a fight. Somehow, if I fought Cecil I would let Tactics down. Tactics so rarely asked Gem and me to do something for him, I could take being called a coward for him† (Lee 76). Scout, for the first time In her inure life, walked away from a fight all because of what Tactics had said earlier. She showed that she is growing u p by being able to keep herself under control of her emotions. Finch's thought of personal honor is shifted from flitting being a solution to being able to not cause an uproar for no reason.Though It seems to be the right decision at the time, unnecessary violence only makes matters worse. As the story progresses, Scout realizes that the stereotypical image of a lady isn't what being a woman is about. Thinking over gender stereotypes, Scout talks to herself about not being handle the huge shift: â€Å"l felt the starched walls of a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on me, and for the second time in my life I thought of running away† (Lee 136). Scout takes Aunt Alexandra actions against her pants as being against her freedom.For Scout, being a lady-in-training means giving up all the things she Likes to do and replacing them with what others expect her to do, and he'll have none of it. When Aunt Alexandra returns to her tea party with a serious look after hearing about Tom's death, Scout sets her as a new example: â€Å"After all, if Aunt could be a lady at a time like this, so could l† (Lee 237). Looking at Aunt Alexandra, Scout took pride In following her lead. Though she still Isn't comfortable with the guidelines that ladies must follow, Scout does pick up on the examples of the strong women in her life.Scout doesn't ever abandon her tomboyish ways, but 1 OFF also acquires the ability to look past misconceptions. Speaking to herself, Scout thinks about how terrifying Arthur Raddled (Boo) must be: â€Å"Every night-sound I heard from my cot on the back porch was magnified three-fold; every scratch of feet on gravel was Boo Raddled seeking revenge, every passing Negro laughing in the night was Boo Raddled loose and after us; insects splashing against the screen were Boo Reader's insane fingers picking the wire to pieces; the chicanery trees were malignant, hovering, alive† (Lee 55).Though Scout has never seen Boo before, she is quick to hint that he must be a frightening, violent person. Scout unknowingly connects something that she doesn't know as ominous, and in Scout's mind the whole world becomes dangerous-?every sound signaling a threat. After she met Boo, Scout looks back on how she previously treated Boo and regrets her actions: â€Å"Neighbors bring food with death and flowers with sickness and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, a pair of good-luck pennies, and our lives. But neighbors give in return.We never put back into the tree what we took out of it: we had given him nothing, and it made me sad† (Lee 278). Once Scout realizes all of the things that Boo has done for her, she regrets not giving anything in return. As Scout begins to grow up, she is able to look at things in a new light. A part of maturing is learning to not Judge people at first glance, because the brightest of people could be found in the dark. Through To Kill a M ockingbird, Jean Louise Finch learned to avoid trouble, Just by following Attic's orders on not causing n uproar with her fists.Through To Kill a Mockingbird, Jean Louise Finch learned that being a lady isn't all about tea parties and frolicking in dresses, but it's also about standing up for your own opinions. Above all, Jean Louise Finch learned that the unknown may not end up being such a scary thing after all. Maturity has a variety of definitions, but Scout learned hers as many others have-?through experience. She has matured immensely compared to how she was in the beginning of the story, but she is still only a mockingbird that has Just begun to sing.